ARC: the analytical rate control scheme for real-time traffic in wireless networks

Abstract

Next-generation wireless Internet (NGWI) is expected to provide a wide range of services including real-time multimedia to mobile users. However, the real-time multimedia traffic transport requires rate control deployment to protect shared Internet from unfairness and further congestion collapse. The transmission rate control method must also achieve high throughput and satisfy multimedia requirements such as delay or jitter bound. However, the existing solutions are mostly for the wired Internet, and hence, they do not address the challenges in the wireless environments which are characterized by high bit error rates. In this paper, a new analytical rate control (ARC) protocol for real-time multimedia traffic over wireless networks is presented. It is intended to achieve high throughput and multimedia support for real-time traffic flows while preserving fairness to the TCP sources sharing the same wired link resources. Based on the end-to-end path model, the desired behavior of a TCP source over lossy links is captured via renewal theory. The resulting asymptotic throughput equation is designated as the driving equation for the proposed rate control method. Performance evaluation via simulation experiments reveals that ARC achieves high throughput and meets multimedia traffic expectations without violating good citizenship rules for the shared Internet.

References

1. {1} A. A. Abouzeid, S. Roy, and M. Azizoglu, "Stochastic modeling of TCP over lossy links," in Proc. IEEE INFOCOM, vol. 3, Mar. 2000, pp. 1724-1733.]]
2. {2} E. Altman, K. Avrachenkov, and C. Barakat, "TCP in presence of bursty losses," in Proc. ACM SIGMETRICS, June 2000, pp. 124-133.]]
3. {3} S. Aramvith, I. M. Pao, and M. T. Sun, "A rate-control scheme for video transport over wireless channels," IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol., vol. 11, pp. 569-580, May 2001.]]
4. {4} H. Balakrishnan, V. N. Padmanabhan, S. Seshan, and R. H. Katz, "A comparison of mechanisms for improving TCP performance over wireless links," IEEE/ACM Trans. Networking, vol. 5, pp. 756-769, Dec. 1997.]]
5. {5} H. Balakrishnan, H. S. Rahul, and S. Seshan, "An integrated congestion management architecture for Internet hosts," in Proc. ACM SIGCOMM, Sept. 1999, pp. 175-187.]]
6. {6} D. Barman and I. Matta, "Effectiveness of loss labeling in improving TCP performance in wired/wireless networks," in Proc. IEEE ICNP, Nov. 2002, pp. 2-11.]]
7. {7} S. Blake, D. Black, M. Carlson, E. Davies, Z. Wang, and W. Weiss, "An architecture for differentiated services," Network Working Group, RFC 2474, Dec. 1998.]]
8. {8} J. Bolot, S. Parisis, and D. Towsley, "Adaptive FEC-based error control for Internet telephony," in Proc. IEEE INFOCOM, vol. 3, Mar. 1999, pp. 1453-1460.]]
9. {9} S. Cen, C. Pu, and J. Walpole, "Flow and congestion control for Internet media streaming applications," in Proc. SPIE Multimedia Computing and Networking, Jan. 1998, pp. 250-264.]]
10. {10} A. Chockalingam, M. Zorzi, L. B. Milstein, and P. Venkataram, "Performance of a wireless access protocol on correlated Rayleigh-fading channels with capture," IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 46, pp. 644-655, May 1998.]]
11. {11} (2003) Cisco Systems. {Online}. Available: http://www.cisco.com]]
12. {12} A. J. Cobb and P. Agrawal, "Congestion or corruption? A strategy for efficient wireless TCP sessions," in Proc. IEEE Symp. Computers and Communications, 1995, pp. 262-268.]]
13. {13} S. Floyd and T. Henderson, "The NewReno modification to TCP's fast recovery algorithm," Network Working Group, RFC 2585, Apr. 1999.]]
14. {14} S. Floyd, M. Handley, J. Padhye, and J. Widmer, "Equation-based congestion control for unicast applications," in Proc. ACM SIGCOMM, Aug. 2000, pp. 45-58.]]
15. {15} E. N. Gilbert, "Capacity of a burst-noise channel," Bell Syst. Tech. J., vol. 39, pp. 1253-1265, Sept. 1960.]]
16. {16} M. Jain and C. Dovrolis, "End-to-end available bandwidth: Measurement methodology, dynamics, and relation with TCP throughput," in Proc. ACM SIGCOMM, Aug. 2002, pp. 295-308.]]
17. {17} T. V. Lakshman and U. Madhow, "The performance of TCP/IP for networks with high bandwidth-delay products and random loss," IEEE/ACM Trans. Networking, vol. 5, pp. 336-350, June 1997.]]
18. {18} J. Liu, I. Matta, and M. Crovella, "End-to-end inference of loss nature in a hybrid wired/wireless environment," in Proc. Modeling and Optimization in Mobile, Ad Hoc, and Wireless Networks (WiOpt'03), Sophia-Antipolis, France, Mar. 2003.]]
19. {19} D. Logothetis, K. S. Trivedi, and A. Puliafito, "Markov regenerative models," in Proc. Int. Computer Performance and Dependability Symp., Erlangen, Germany, 1995, pp. 134-143.]]
20. {20} C. Parsa and J. J. Garcia-Luna-Aceves, "Differentiating congestion vs. random loss: A method for improving TCP performance over wireless links," in Proc. IEEE WCNC, vol. 1, 2000, pp. 90-93.]]
21. {21} J. Padhye, V. Firoio, D. Towsley, and J. Kurose, "Modeling TCP Reno performance: A simple model and its empirical validation," IEEE/ACM Trans. Networking, vol. 8, pp. 133-145, Apr. 2000.]]
22. {22} R. Puri, K.-W. Lee, K. Ramchandran, and V. Bharghavan, "An integrated source transcoding and congestion control paradigm for video streaming in the Internet," IEEE Trans. Multimedia, vol. 3, pp. 18-32, Mar. 2001.]]
23. {23} R. Rejaie, M. Handley, and D. Estrin, "RAP: An end-to-end rate-based congestion control mechanism for realtime streams in the Internet," in Proc. IEEE INFOCOM, vol. 3, Mar. 1999, pp. 1337-1345.]]
24. {24} K. Salamatian and S. Vaton, "Hidden Markov modeling for network communication channels," in Proc. ACM SIGMETRICS, June 2001, pp. 92-101.]]
25. {25} N. K. G. Samaraweera, "Non-congestion packet loss detection for TCP error recovery using wireless links," IEE Proc.--Commun., vol. 146, no. 4, pp. 222-230, Aug. 1999.]]
26. {26} H. Schulzrinne, S. Casner, R. Frederick, and V. Jacobson, "RTP: A transport for real-time applications," Network Working Group, RFC 1889, Jan. 1996.]]
27. {27} F. Swarts and H. C. Ferreira, "Markov characterization of digital fading mobile VHF channels," IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 43, pp. 977-985, Nov. 1994.]]
28. {28} J. Tang, G. Morabito, I. F. Akyildiz, and M. Johnson, "RCS: A rate control scheme for real-time traffic in networks with high bandwidth-delay products and high bit error rates," in Proc. IEEE INFOCOM, vol. 1, Apr. 2001, pp. 114-122.]]
29. {29} M. Vojnovic and J. Y. Le Boudec, "On the long-run behavior of equation-based rate control," EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland, Tech. Rep. IC/2002/06 EPFL, 2002.]]
30. {30} Y. Wang, J. Ostermann, and Y.-Q. Zhang, Video Processing and Communications . New York: Prentice-Hall, 2002.]]
31. {31} H. S. Wang and N. Moayeri, "Finite-state Markov channel: A useful model for radio communications channels," IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 44, pp. 163-171, Feb. 1995.]]
32. {32} H. S. Wang, "On verifying the first-order Markovian assumption for a Rayleigh fading channel model," IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 45, pp. 353-357, May 1996.]]
33. {33} J. Wroclawski, "The use of RSVP with IETF integrated services," Network Working Group, RFC 2210, Sept. 1997.]]
34. {34} Y. R. Yang, M. S. Kim, and S. S. Lam, "Transient behaviors of TCP-friendly congestion control protocols," in Proc. IEEE INFOCOM, vol. 3, Mar. 2001, pp. 1716-1725.]]
35. {35} M. Zorzi, R. R. Rao, and L. Milstein, "On the accuracy of a first-order Markov model for data transmission on fading channels," in Proc. IEEE ICUPC, 1995, pp. 211-215.]]
36. {36} M. Zorzi, R. R. Rao, and L. B. Milstein, "ARQ error control for fading mobile radio channels," IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 46, pp. 445-455, May 1997.]]

Index Terms

• Computing methodologies

  • Artificial intelligence

    • Computer vision

      • Computer vision problems

        • Video segmentation

      • Computer vision tasks

        • Video summarization

      • Image and video acquisition

• Networks

  • Network protocols

  • Network services

    • Network management

  • Network types

    • Mobile networks

    • Wireless access networks