- 1.Alien, R. B. Connectionist language users. Connection Science, 2(4), 1990.Google Scholar
- 2.Badie, K. and Shimura, M. Machine recognition of roman cursive scripts. 1982, pp. 28-30.Google Scholar
- 3.Brown, M. K. and Ganapathy, S. Cursive script recognition. Fifth International Conference on Character Recognition, 1980, pp. 47-51.Google Scholar
- 4.Buell, B. and Brandt, R. The pen: Computing's next big leap. Business Week, May 14, 1990.Google Scholar
- 5.Derthick, M. The minimum description length principle applied to feature learning and analogical mapping. MCC technical report ACT-CYC-234-90, 1990.Google Scholar
- 6.Earnest, L. D. Machine recognition of cursive writing. Information Processing 1962. Amsterdam: North Holland, 1963, pp. 462-466.Google Scholar
- 7.Eden, M. Handwriting and pattern recognition. IRE Translations on Information Theory, February, 1962, pp. 160-166.Google ScholarCross Ref
- 8.Eden, M. and Halle, M. The characterization of cursive writing. In C. Cherry (ed.), Proceedings of the Fourth London Symposium on Information Theory. London, England: Butterworths, 1961, pp. 287-299.Google Scholar
- 9.Ehrich, R. W. and Koehler, K.J. Experiments in the contextual recognition of cursive script. IEEE Transactions on Computers, Vol C-24 (2), February, 1975.Google Scholar
- 10.Frishkopf, L. S. and Harmon, L. D. Machine reading of cursive script. In C. Cherry (ed.), Proceedings of the Fourth London Symposium on Information Theory, London: Butterworth, 1961, pp 300-315.Google Scholar
- 11.Guyon, I., Albrecht, P., LeCun, Y., Denker, J., and Hubbard, W. Design of a neural network character recognizer for a touch terminal. Pattern Recognition, 24(2), 1991. Google ScholarDigital Library
- 12.Hinton, G. E. Learning distributed representations of concepts. Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Conference of The Cognitive Science Society, Amherst, Massachusetts: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1986.Google Scholar
- 13.Hinton, G. E., McClelland, J. L., and Rumelhart, D. E. Distributed representations. In D. E. Rumelhart and J. L. McClelland (eds.), Parallel Distributed Processing. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 1986. Google ScholarDigital Library
- 14.LeCun, Y. Boser, B., Denker, J. S., Henderson, D., Howard, R. E., Hubbard, W., and Jackel, L. D. Handwritten digit recognition with a back-propagation network. In Touretzky, D. S., (ed.)Neural Information Processing Systems 2, Morgan Kaufmann, 1990. Google ScholarDigital Library
- 15.Martin, G. L. Using neural networks to recognize hand-drawn symbols. MCC technical report ACT-HI- 232-90, 1990.Google Scholar
- 16.Martin, G. L. Integrating segmentation and recognition stages for overlapping hand-printed characters. MCC technical report ACT -NN -3 20 -9 0.Google Scholar
- 17.Martin, G. L., Leow, W. K., and Pittman, J. A. Function complexity effects on back-propagation learning. MCC technical report ACT-HI-062-90, 1990.Google Scholar
- 18.Martin, G. L. and Pittman J. A. Recognizing handprinted letters and digits. In Touretzky, D. S., (ed.) Neural information Processing Systems 2, Morgan Kaufmann, 1990. Also available as MCC technical report ACA-HI-017-90. Google ScholarDigital Library
- 19.Martin, G. L. and Pittman J. A. Recognizing handprinted letters and digits using backpropagation learning. Neural Computation, 3(2), 1991, in press.Google Scholar
- 20.Martin, G. L., Pittman, J. A., Wittenburg, K., Cohen, R., and Parish, T. Sign here, Please. BYTE, July, 1990, 243-251. Also available as MCC technical report ACT-HI- 199-90.Google Scholar
- 21.McClelland, J. L and Kawamoto, A.H. Mechanisms of sentence processing: Assigning roles to constituents. In D. E. Rumelhart and J. L. McClelland (eds.), Parallel Distributed Processing. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 1986. Google ScholarDigital Library
- 22.Mori, Y. and Joe, K. A large-scale neural network which recognizes handwritten Kanji characters. In Touretzky, D. S., (ed.) Neural information Processing Systems 2, Morgan Kaufmann, 1990. Google ScholarDigital Library
- 23.Pollack, J. and Waltz, D. L. Interpretation of natural language. Byte, February, 1986.Google Scholar
- 24.Rumelhart, D. E., Hinton, G. E., and Williams, R. J. Learning internal representations by error propagation. In D. E. Rumelhart and J. L. McClelland (eds.), Parallel Distributed Processing. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 1986. Google ScholarDigital Library
- 25.Rumelhart, D. E. and McClelland, j.L. On learning the past tenses of English verbs. In D. E. Rumelhart and J. L. McClelland (eds.), Parallel Distributed Processing. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 1986. Google ScholarDigital Library
- 26.Sejnowski, T. J. and Rosenberg, C.R. NetTalk: A parallel network that learns to read aloud. Johns Hopkins University Electrical Engineering and Computer Science technical report JHU/EECS-86/01, 1986.Google Scholar
- 27.Sexton, T. Go's PenPoint redefines handwriting recognition. PC Week, August 20, 1990.Google Scholar
- 28.Shannon, C. E. Prediction and entropy of printed English. Bell Systems Technical Journal, Vol 30, January, 1951.Google ScholarCross Ref
- 29.Shannon, C. E. and Weaver, W. The Mathematical Theory of Communication. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press, 1963, p. 13. Google ScholarDigital Library
- 30.Talley, j. Personal communication. 1989.Google Scholar
- 31.Tappert, C. C. Cursive script recognition by elastic matching. IBM Journal of Research and Development, November, 1982, 26(6), 765-771.Google ScholarDigital Library
- 32.Tappert, C. C., Suen, C. Y., and Wakahara, T. The state of the art in on-line handwriting recognition. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 12(8), August, 1990, pp. 787-808. Google ScholarDigital Library
- 33.Touretzky, D. S. and Derthick, M. A. Symbol processing in connectionist networks" Five properties and two architectures. Proceedings of the IEEE Spring COMP-CON87, San Francisco, 1987.Google Scholar
- 34.Touretzky, D. S. and Elvgren, G. Rule representation in a connectionist chunker. In Touretzky, D. S., (ed.) Neural Information Processing Systems 2, Morgan Kaufmann, 1990. Google ScholarDigital Library
- 35.Touretzky, D. S. and Geva, S. A distributed connectionist representation for concept structures. Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Conference of The Cognitive Science Society, Seattle, Washington: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1987.Google Scholar
- 36.Ward, R.R. Annotated bibliography of topics relating to on-line handwriting input. Lowell, Massachusetts" Computer Annotation Technologies Group, Wang Laboratories.Google Scholar
- 37.Wieland, A. and Leighton, R. Shaping schedules as a method for accelerated learning. Proceedings of the First International Neural Network Society Conference, 1988.Google ScholarCross Ref
- 38.Zachary P. G. Computer firms see the writing on the screen. Wall Street Journal, April 30, 1990.Google Scholar
Index Terms
- Recognizing handwritten text
Recommendations
Recognising handwritten Arabic manuscripts using a single hidden Markov model
This paper presents a new method on off-line recognition of handwritten Arabic script. The method does not require segmentation into characters, and is applied to cursive Arabic script, where ligatures, overlaps and style variation pose challenges to ...
A system for segmenting and recognising totally unconstrained handwritten numeral strings
ICDAR '95: Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (Volume 2) - Volume 2We propose a system for segmentation and recognition of totally unconstrained handwritten numeral strings. The system is built upon a number of components, namely, a presegmentation module, an isolated numeral recognizer, a segmentation-free module and ...
Offline arabic handwritten text recognition: A Survey
Research in offline Arabic handwriting recognition has increased considerably in the past few years. This is evident from the numerous research results published recently in major journals and conferences in the area of handwriting recognition. Features ...
Comments