ABSTRACT
A wide variety of sensors have been incorporated into a spectrum of wireless sensor network (WSN) platforms, providing flexible sensing capability over a large number of low-power and inexpensive nodes. Traditional signal processing algorithms, however, often prove too complex for energy-and-cost-effective WSN nodes. This study explores how to design efficient sensing and classification algorithms that achieve reliable sensing performance on energy-and-cost effective hardware without special powerful nodes in a continuously changing physical environment. We present the detection and classification system in a cutting-edge surveillance sensor network, which classifies vehicles, persons, and persons carrying ferrous objects, and tracks these targets with a maximum error in velocity of 15%. Considering the demanding requirements and strict resource constraints, we design a hierarchical classification architecture that naturally distributes sensing and computation tasks at different levels of the system. Such a distribution allows multiple sensors to collaborate on a sensor node, and the detection and classification results to be continuously refined at different levels of the WSN. This design enables reliable detection and classification without involving high-complexity computation, reduces network traffic, and emphasizes resilience and adaptation to the realistic environment. We evaluate the system with performance data collected from outdoor experiments and field assessments. Based on the experience acquired and lessons learned when developing this system, we abstract common issues and introduce several guidelines which can direct future development of detection and classification solutions based on WSNs.
- Exscal web site. http://www.cast.cse.ohio-state.edu/exscal/index.php?page=main.Google Scholar
- Honeywell magnetometers. http://www.ssec.honeywell.com/magnetic/.Google Scholar
- Mica2 mote. http://www.xbow.com/Products/productsdetails.aspx?sid=72.Google Scholar
- Micropower inpulse radar by advantaca. http://www.advantaca.com/radar.htm.Google Scholar
- VigilNet web site. http://www.cs.virginia.edu/~control/SOWN/index.html.Google Scholar
- S. Bhattacharya, H. Kim, S. Prabh, and T. Abdelzaher. Energy-conserving data placement and asynchronous multicast in wireless sensor networks. InIntl. Conf. on Mobile Systems, Applications, and Services (MobiSys), May 2003. Google ScholarDigital Library
- R. Brooks, P. Ramanathan, and A. Sayeed. Distributed target classification and tracking in sensor networks. Proceedings of the IEEE, 91(8):1163--1171, 2003.Google ScholarCross Ref
- P. Dutta, M. Grimmer, A. Arora, S. Bibyk, and D. Culler. Design of a wireless sensor network platform for detecting rare, random, and ephemeral events. InProc. of Fourth Intl. Conf. on Information Processing in Sensor Networks (IPSN'05), 2005. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Z. Feng, S. Jaewon, and R. James. Information-driven dynamic sensor collaboration for target tracking. IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, 19(2), March 2002.Google Scholar
- T. He, S. Krishnamurthy, J. A. Stankovic, T. Abdelzaher, L. Luo, R. Stoleru, T. Yan, L. Gu, G. Zhou, J. Hui, and B. Krogh. Vigilnet:an integrated sensor network system for energy-efficient surveillance. In submission to ACM Transaction on Sensor Networks, 2004. Google ScholarDigital Library
- T. He, S. Krishnamurthy, J. A. Stankovic, T. F. Abdelzaher, L. Luo, R. Stoleru, T. Yan, L. Gu, J. Hui, and B. Krogh. An energy-efficient surveillance system using wireless sensor networks. InProc. of Intl. Conf. on Mobile Systems, Applications, and Services (MobiSys), June 2004. Google ScholarDigital Library
- T. He, P. Vicaire, T. Yan, Q. Cao, G. Zhou, L. Gu, L. Luo, R. Stoleru, J. A. Stankovic, and T. Abdelzaher. Achieving Long-Term Surveillance in VigilNet. Insubmission.Google Scholar
- J. Hill and D. Culler. Mica: A wireless platform for deeply embedded networks. InIEEE Micro, volume 22, pages 12--24, Nov./Dec. 2002. Google ScholarDigital Library
- J. Hill, R. Szewczyk, A. Woo, S. Hollar, D. Culler, and K. Pister. System architecture directions for network sensors. Proc. of ASPLOS 2000, Nov. 2000. Google ScholarDigital Library
- L. Luo, T. F. Abdelzaher, T. He, and J. A. Stankovic. Design and comparison of lightweight group management strategies in envirosuite. InDistributed Computing in Sensor Systems (DCOSS '05), June 2005. Google ScholarDigital Library
- S. Madden, M. Franklin, J. Hellerstein, and W. Hong. TAG: A tiny aggregation service for ad-hoc sensor networks. InProc. of Operating Systems Design and Implementation, Dec. 2002. Google ScholarDigital Library
- M. Maroti, B. Kusy, G. Simon, and A. Ledeczi. The flooding time synchronization protocol. InProc. of the 2nd ACM Intl. Conf. on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (SenSys'04), pages 39--49, New York, NY, USA, 2004. Google ScholarDigital Library
- S. Pattem, S. Poduri, and B. Krishnamachari. Energy-quality tradeoffs for target tracking in wireless sensor networks. InProc. of 2nd Intl. Conf. on Information Processing in Sensor Networks (IPSN'03), 2003. Google ScholarDigital Library
- G. Simon, M. Maroti, A. Ledeczi, G. Balogh, B. Kusy, A. Nadas, G. Pap, J. Sallai, and K. Frampton. Sensor network-based countersniper system. InProc. of the 2nd ACM Intl. Conf. on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (SenSys'04), Nov. 2004. Google ScholarDigital Library
- R. Stoleru, T. He, and J. A. Stankovic. Walking GPS: A Practical Solution for Localization in Manually Deployed Wireless Sensor Networks. In1st IEEE Workshop on Embedded Networked Sensors EmNetS-I, October 2004. Google ScholarDigital Library
- R. Szewczyk, A. Mainwaring, J. Polastre, and D. Culler. An analysis of a large scale habitat monitoring application. InProc. of the 2nd ACM Intl. Conf. on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (SenSys'04). Google ScholarDigital Library
- Q. Wang, W. Chen, R. Zheng, K. Lee, and L. Sha. Acoustic target tracking using tiny wireless sensor devices. Networks (IPSN'03), 2003. Google ScholarDigital Library
- N. Xu. Implementation of data compression and FFT in TinyOS. http://enl.usc.edu/~ningxu/papers/lzfft.pdf.Google Scholar
- P. Zhang, C. Sadler, S. Lyon, and M. Martonosi. Hardware design experiences in zebranet. InProc. of the 2nd ACM Intl. Conf. on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (SenSys'04), Nov. 2004. Google ScholarDigital Library
- F. Zhao, J. Liu, L. Guibas, and J. Reich. Collaborative signal and information processing: An information directed approach. Proceedings of the IEEE, 91(8):1199--1209, 2003.Google ScholarCross Ref
Index Terms
- Lightweight detection and classification for wireless sensor networks in realistic environments
Recommendations
Relay Node Placement in Wireless Sensor Networks
A wireless sensor network consists of many low-cost, low-power sensor nodes, which can perform sensing, simple computation, and transmission of sensed information. Long distance transmission by sensor nodes is not energy efficient since energy ...
Sensor scheduling for p-percent coverage in wireless sensor networks
We study sensor scheduling problems of p-percent coverage in this paper and propose two scheduling algorithms to prolong network lifetime due to the fact that for some applications full coverage is not necessary and different subareas of the monitored ...
The optimization of sensor relocation in wireless mobile sensor networks
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have been an active research area these years due to their broad range of potential applications. Several research issues, which include energy-aware routing, sensor deployment problems, data aggregation, etc., have been ...
Comments