Tamper proofing and attack identification of corrupted image by using semi-fragile multiple-watermarking algorithm

ABSTRACT

We propose a novel semi-fragile multiple-watermarking algorithm based on quantization index modulation. This algorithm utilizes two quantization steps to yield the non-uniform intervals in the real-number axis. Each interval corresponds to one binary symbol, includes stable-zero (S0), unstable-zero (U0), stable-one (S1), and unstable-one (U1). In addition, visual cryptography is integrated with the watermarking algorithm to increase the watermark capacity. Therefore, the host image is embedded the multiple watermarks, and then we extract the watermarks from the corrupted image. According to the extracted watermarks, the algorithm achieves the tamper proofing and attack identification. From the experimental result, it shows single and multiple tampered areas are detected and demonstrates that the amount of test images will not influence the accuracy of attack identification.

REFERENCES

• 1: Hsu, C. T., and Wu, J. L. Hidden digital watermarks in images. IEEE Trans. on Image Proc., 8, 1, (Jan. 1999), 58--68.
• 2: Lin, C. Y., and Chang, S. F. Semi-fragile watermarking for authenticating JPEG visual content. SPIE International Conf. on Security and Watermark of Multimedia Contents II, 3971, 13, (San Jose, USA, Jan 2000).
• 3: Ko, H. H., and Park, S. J. Semi-fragile watermarking for telltale tamper proofing and authenticating. ITC-CSCC 2002, (July 2002), 623--626.
• 4: Lu, Z. M., Lin, C. H., Xu, D. G., and Sun, S. H., Semi-fragile image watermarking method based on index constrained vector quantization. Electronics Letters, 39, 1, (Jan. 2003), 35--36.
• 5: Kundur, D., and Hatzinakos, D. Digital watermarking using multiresolution wavelet decomposition. ICASP, 5, (Seattle, Washington, USA, May 1998), 2969--2972.
• 6: Kundur, D., and Hatzinakos, D. Digital watermarking for telltale tamper proofing and authentication. Proceedings of the IEEE, 87, 7, (July 1999), 1167--1180.
• 7: Paquet, A. H., and Ward, R. K. Wavelet-based digital watermarking for image authentication. Proc. 2002 IEEE Canadian Conf. Electrical and Computer Engineering, 2, (Winnipeg, Canada, 2002), 879--884.
• 8: Yu., G.-J., Lu, C.-S., Liao, Mark, H.-Y., and Sheu, J.-P. Mean quantization blind watermarking for image authentication. ICIP 2000, 3, (Vancouver, BC, Canada, 10--13, Sept. 2000), 706--709.
• 9: Yu, G.-J., Lu, C.-S., and Liao, Mark, H.-Y. Mean quantization based fragile watermarking for image authentication. Optical Engineering, 40, 7, (July 2001), 1396--1408.
• 10: Chen, L.-H., and Lin, J.-J. Mean quantization based image watermarking. Image and Vision Computing, 21, 8, (Aug. 2003), 717--727.
• 11: Eggers, J. J., and Girod, B. Quantization watermarking. Proceedings of SPIE, Security and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents II, 3971, (San Jose, Jan. 2000), 60--71.
• 12: Chen, B., and Wornell, G. W. Quantization index modulation: a class of provably good methods for digital watermarking and information embedding. IEEE Trans. on Information Theory, 47, 4, (May 2001), 1423--1443.
• 13: Mihcak, M. K., Venkatesan, R., and Kesal, M. Watermarking via optimization algorithms for quantizing randomized statistics of image regions. in Proc. 40th Allerton Conference on Communications Control and Computing, (Monticello, Illinois, Oct. 2002).
• 14: Shieh, C.-S., Huang, H.-C., and Wang, F.-H. An embedding algorithm for multiple watermarks. Journal of Information Science and Engineering, 19, 2, (March 2003), 381--395.
• 15: Fridrich, J. Image watermarking for tamper detection. ICIP'98, 2, (4-7 Oct. 1998), 404--408.
• 16: Fridrich, J. A hybrid watermark for tamper detection in digital images. ISSPA'99, 1, (22--25 Aug. 1999), 301--304.
• 17: Kundur, D., and Hatzinakos, D. Improved robust watermarking through attack characterization. The International Electronic Journal of Optics, 3, 12, (7 Dec. 1998), 485--490.
• 18: Macq, B., Dittmann, J., and Delp, E. J. Benchmarking of image watermarking algorithms for digital rights management. Proceedings of The IEEE, 92, 6, (June 2004), 971--984.
• 19: Naor, M., and Shamir, A. Visual cryptography. Eurocrypt'94, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 950, (Springer--Verlag, 1995), 1--12.
• 20: Moni Naor , Adi Shamir, Visual Cryptography II: Improving the Contrast Via the Cover Base, Proceedings of the International Workshop on Security Protocols, p.197-202, April 10-12, 1996
• 21: Moni Naor , Benny Pinkas, Visual Authentication and Identification, Proceedings of the 17th Annual International Cryptology Conference on Advances in Cryptology, p.322-336, August 17-21, 1997
• 22: Giuseppe Ateniese , Carlo Blundo , Alfredo De Santis , Douglas R. Stinson, Visual cryptography for general access structures, Information and Computation, v.129 n.2, p.86-106, Sept. 15, 1996 [doi>10.1006/inco.1996.0076 ]
• 23: Stinson, D. Visual cryptography and threshold methods. IEEE Potentials, 18, 1, (Feb.-March 1999), 13--16.
• 24: Zhou, Z., Arce, G. R., and Crescenzo, G. Di. Halftone visual cryptography. ICIP'2003, 1, (14--17 Sept. 2003), 521--524.
• 25: Hou, Y.-C., and Chen, P.-M. An asymmetric watermarking method based on visual cryptography. WCCC-ICSP 2000, 2, (21--25 Aug. 2000), 992--995.
• 26: Barnett, R., and Pearson, D. E. Frequency mode LR attack operator for digitally watermarked images. Electronics Letters, 34, 2, (Sept. 1998), 1837--1839.
• 27: Stirmark 4.0, http://www.petitcolas.net/fabien/watermarking/stirmark/.
• 28: Richard O. Duda , Peter E. Hart , David G. Stork, Pattern Classification (2nd Edition), Wiley-Interscience, 2000

INDEX TERMS

Primary Classification:
  D. Software
  D.2 SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
        D.2.11 Software Architectures

Additional Classification:
  K. Computing Milieux
  K.6 MANAGEMENT OF COMPUTING AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS
      K.6.5 Security and Protection (D.4.6, K.4.2)

Keywords:
attack identification, multiple-watermark, semi-fragile watermarking, tamper proofing, visual cryptography