Zero-knowledge watermark detection resistant to ambiguity attacks

ABSTRACT

A zero-knowledge watermark detector allows an owner to prove to a verifier that an image in question indeed contains the owner's watermark without revealing much information about the actual watermark. In such a scenario, the owner publishes a committed watermark before watermark detection so as to show that she knows the watermark before the detection. However, this does not imply that the owner can prove that she knows the watermark before the work appeared in the public. One well known counter example is the invertibility/ambiguity attacks where an adversary can create an ambiguous situation by deriving a forged watermark from a published work, and commits the forged watermark. Furthermore, the adversary may derive a watermark from existing non-watermarked images in the public domain and later claim ownership of them. One solution is to enforce certain constraints on the valid watermarks. In this paper we propose a zero-knowledge watermark detector that prevents the owner from cheating by ambiguity attacks. In addition, it allows the owner to publish a large number of works with different watermarks, while committing only one secret.

REFERENCES

• 1: André Adelsbach , Stefan Katzenbeisser , Helmut Veith, Watermarking schemes provably secure against copy and ambiguity attacks, Proceedings of the 3rd ACM workshop on Digital rights management, October 27-27, 2003, Washington, DC, USA [doi>10.1145/947380.947395]
• 2: A. Adelsbach, S. Katzenbeisser, and A. Sadeghi. On the insecurity of non-invertible watermarking schemes for dispute resolving. In International Workshop on Digital Watermarking, volume 2939 of LNCS, pages 355--369, October 2003.
• 3: André Adelsbach , Ahmad-Reza Sadeghi, Zero-Knowledge Watermark Detection and Proof of Ownership, Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Information Hiding, p.273-288, April 25-27, 2001
• 4: Mihir Bellare , Phillip Rogaway, Random oracles are practical: a paradigm for designing efficient protocols, Proceedings of the 1st ACM conference on Computer and communications security, p.62-73, November 03-05, 1993, Fairfax, Virginia, United States [doi>10.1145/168588.168596]
• 5: L Blum , M Blum , M Shub, A simple unpredictable pseudo random number generator, SIAM Journal on Computing, v.15 n.2, p.364-383, May 1986 [doi>10.1137/0215025]
• 6: Fabrice Boudot. Efficient proofs that a committed number lies in an interval. In EUROCRYPT, volume 1807 of LNCS, pages 431--444, 2000.
• 7: Jan Camenisch and Markus Michels. Proving in zero-knowledge that a number is the product of two safe primes. In EUROCRYPT, volume 1592 of LNCS, pages 106--121, Prague, Czech Republic, May 1999.
• 8: Ingemar Cox , Matthew L. Miller , Jeffery A. Bloom, Digital watermarking, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc., San Francisco, CA, 2001
• 9: Scott Craver, Zero Knowledge Watermark Detection, Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Information Hiding, p.101-116, September 29-October 01, 1999
• 10: S. Craver, N. Memon, B.L. Yeo, and M.M. Yeung. Resolving rightful ownerships with invisible watermarking techniques: Limitations, attacks, and implications. IEEE JSAC, 16(4):573--586, 1998.
• 11: Ivan Damgård , Eiichiro Fujisaki, A Statistically-Hiding Integer Commitment Scheme Based on Groups with Hidden Order, Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on the Theory and Application of Cryptology and Information Security: Advances in Cryptology, p.125-142, December 01-05, 2002
• 12: J.J. Eggers, J.K Su, and B. Girod. Asymmetric watermarking schemes. In Sicherheit in Mediendaten, pages 107--123, Berlin, Germany, September 2000.
• 13: J.J. Eggers, J.K Su, and B. Girod. Public key watermarking by eigenvectors of linear transforms. In European Signal Processing Conference, Tampere, Finland, September 2000.
• 14: Eiichiro Fujisaki , Tatsuaki Okamoto, Statistical Zero Knowledge Protocols to Prove Modular Polynomial Relations, Proceedings of the 17th Annual International Cryptology Conference on Advances in Cryptology, p.16-30, August 17-21, 1997
• 15: Teddy Furon , Pierre Duhamel, An Asymmetric Public Detection Watermarking Technique, Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Information Hiding, p.88-100, September 29-October 01, 1999
• 16: Q. Li and E.-C. Chang. Public watermark detection using multiple proxies and secret sharing. In International Workshop on Digital Watermarking, volume 2939 of LNCS, pages 558--569, Seoul, Korea, October 2003.
• 17: Q. Li and E.-C. Chang. On the possibility of non-invertible watermarking schemes. In International Workshop on Digital Watermarking, volume 3200 of LNCS, pages 13--24, Seoul, Korea, 2004.
• 18: N. Memon and P.W. Wong. Buyer-seller watermarking protocol based on amplitude modulation and the ElGamal public key crypto system. In SPIE Security and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents, pages 189--294, 1999.
• 19: Torben P. Pedersen, Non-Interactive and Information-Theoretic Secure Verifiable Secret Sharing, Proceedings of the 11th Annual International Cryptology Conference on Advances in Cryptology, p.129-140, August 11-15, 1991
• 20: L. Qiao and K. Nahrstedt. Watermarking schemes and protocols for protecting rightful ownerships and customer's rights. Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation, 9(3):194--210, 1998.
• 21: M. Ramkumar and A. Akansu. Image watermarks and counterfeit attacks: Some problems and solutions. In Symposium on Content Security and Data Hiding in Digital Media, pages 102--112, New Jersey Institute of Technology, May 1999.
• 22: R.G. van Schyndel, A.Z. Tirkel, and I.D. Svalbe. Key independent watermark detection. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Multimedia Computing and Systems, volume 1, pages 580--585, Florence, Italy, June 1999.
• 23: Chia-Mu Yu , Chun-Shien Lu , C. S. Lu, Robust non-interactive zero-knowledge watermarking scheme against cheating prover, Proceedings of the 7th workshop on Multimedia and security, August 01-02, 2005, New York, NY, USA [doi>10.1145/1073170.1073190]

INDEX TERMS

Primary Classification:
  K. Computing Milieux
  K.4 COMPUTERS AND SOCIETY
      K.4.4 Electronic Commerce
          Subjects: Security

Additional Classification:
  K. Computing Milieux
  K.4 COMPUTERS AND SOCIETY
      K.4.4 Electronic Commerce
          Subjects: Intellectual property
  K.6 MANAGEMENT OF COMPUTING AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS
      K.6.m Miscellaneous

General Terms:
Security

Keywords:
ambiguity attack, watermark detection, zero-knowledge proof