ABSTRACT
In this paper we report on optimizations for a BDD-based algorithm for the computation of bisimulations. The underlying algorithmic principle is an iterative refinement of a partition of the state space. The proposed optimizations demonstrate that both, taking into account the algorithmic structure of theproblem and the exploitation of the BDD-based representation, are essential to finally obtain an efficient symbolic algorithm for real-world problems. The contributions of this paper are (1) block forwarding to update block refinement as soon as possible, (2) split-driven refinement that over-approximates the set of blocks that must definitely be refined, and (3) block ordering to fix the order of the blocks for the refinement in a clever way. We provide substantial experimental results on examples from different applications and compare them to alternative approaches when possible. The experiments clearly show that the proposed optimization techniques result in a significant performance speed-up compared to the basic algorithm as well as to alternative approaches.
- ARP 4761. Guidelines and Methods for Conducting the Safety Assessment Process on Civil Airborne Systems and Equipment. Aerospace Recommended Practice, Society of Automotive Engineers, Detroit, USA, 1996.]]Google Scholar
- S. Blom and S. Orzan. Distributed branching bisimulation reduction of state spaces. In Proc. of PDMC'03, volume 89 of ENTCS, 2003.]]Google Scholar
- E. Böde, M. Herbstritt, H. Hermanns, S. Johr, T. Peikenkamp, R. Pulungan, R. Wimmer, and B. Becker. Compositional perfomability evaluation for statemate. In 3rd International Conference on Quantitative Evaluation of Systems (QEST). IEEE, 2006.]] Google ScholarDigital Library
- A. Bouali and R. de Simone. Symbolic bisimulation minimisation. In Proc. of 4th CAV, volume 663 of LNCS, pages 96--108. Springer, 1992.]] Google ScholarDigital Library
- M. Browne, E. Clarke, D. Dill, and B. Mishra. Automatic verification of sequential circuits using temporal logic. Trans. on Comp., C-35:1035--1044, 1986.]] Google ScholarDigital Library
- R. Bryant. Graph-based algorithms for Boolean function manipulation. IEEE Trans. on Comp., 35(8):677--691, 1986.]] Google ScholarDigital Library
- J.R. Burch, E.M. Clarke, and D.E. Long. Symbolic model checking with partitioned transition relations. In Proc. of VLSI'91, pages 49--58, 1991.]]Google Scholar
- G. Ciardo and M. Tilgner. On the use of Kronecker operators for the solution of generalized stochastic Petri nets. Technical Report 96--35, ICASE, 1996.]] Google ScholarDigital Library
- ERTMS. Project Website, May 16, 2006. http://ertms.uic.asso.fr/etcs.html.]]Google Scholar
- J.-C. Fernandez, A. Kerbrat, and L. Mounier. Symbolic equivalence checking. In Proc. of 5th CAV, volume 697 of LNCS, pages 85--96. Springer, 1993.]] Google ScholarDigital Library
- K. Fisler and M.Y. Vardi. Bisimulation and model checking. In Procof CHARME, LNCS, pages 338--341, 1999.]] Google ScholarDigital Library
- J.F. Groote and F.W. Vaandrager. An efficient algorithm for branching bisimulation and stuttering equivalence. In Proc. of 17th ICALP, volume 443 of LNCS, pages 626--638. Springer, 1990.]] Google ScholarDigital Library
- D. Harel and M. Politi. Modelling Reactive Systems with Statecharts: The STATEMATE Approach. McGraw-Hill, 1998.]] Google ScholarDigital Library
- M. Herbstritt, R. Wimmer, T. Peikenkamp, E. Böde, M. Adelaide, S. Johr, H. Hermanns, and B. Becker. Analysis of Large Safety-Critical Systems: A quantitative Approach. Reports of SFB/TR 14 AVACS 8, Feb 2006.]]Google Scholar
- H. Hermanns. Interactive Markov Chains: The Quest for Quantified Quality, volume 2428 of LNCS. Springer, 2002.]]Google Scholar
- J.-P. Katoen et al. Faster and Symbolic CTMC Model Checking. In Procof PAPM-PROBMIV, volume 2165 of LNCS, pages 23--38. Springer, 2001.]] Google ScholarDigital Library
- M. Kuntz, M. Siegle, and E. Werner. Symbolic Performance and Dependability Evaluation with the Tool CASPA. In FORTE Workshops, volume 3236 of LNCS, pages 293--307. Springer, 2004.]]Google Scholar
- Y. Matsunaga, P.C. McGeer, and R.K. Brayton. On computing the transitive closure of a state transition relation. In Proc. of 30th DAC, pages 260--265. ACM Press, 1993.]] Google ScholarDigital Library
- R. Milner. Communication and concurrency. International Series in Computer Science. Prentice Hall, 1989.]] Google ScholarDigital Library
- R.D. Nicola and F. Vaandrager. Three logics for branching bisimulation. Journal of the ACM, 42(2):458--487, 1995.]] Google ScholarDigital Library
- F. Somenzi. CUDD: CU Decision Diagram Package Release 2.4.1. University of Colorado at Boulder, 2005.]]Google Scholar
- R.J. van Glabbeek. The linear time -- branching time spectrum II. In Proc. of CONCUR'93, volume 715 of LNCS, pages 66--81. Springer, 1993.]] Google ScholarDigital Library
- R.J. van Glabbeek and W.P. Weijland. Branching time and abstraction in bisimulation semantics. Journal of the ACM, 43(3):555--600, 1996.]] Google ScholarDigital Library
- R. Wimmer, M. Herbstritt, and B. Becker. Minimization of Large State Spaces using Symbolic Branching Bisimulation. In Proc. of DDECS'06. IEEE, 2006.]] Google ScholarDigital Library
- R. Wimmer, M. Herbstritt, H. Hermanns, K. Strampp, and B. Becker. Sigref -- A Symbolic Bisimulation Tool Box. In Proc. of 4th ATVA, volume 4218 of LNCS, pages 477--492. Springer, 2006.]] Google ScholarDigital Library
Index Terms
- Optimization techniques for BDD-based bisimulation computation
Recommendations
A fully symbolic bisimulation algorithm
RP'11: Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Reachability problemsWe apply the saturation heuristic to the bisimulation problem for deterministic discrete-event models, obtaining the fastest to date symbolic bisimulation algorithm, able to deal with large quotient spaces. We compare performance of our algorithm with ...
Incremental Bisimulation Abstraction Refinement
Special Issue on Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications, Domain-Specific Multicore Computing, Cross-Layer Dependable Embedded Systems, and Application of Concurrency to System Design (ACSD'13)Abstraction refinement techniques in probabilistic model checking are prominent approaches for verification of very large or infinite-state probabilistic concurrent systems. At the core of the refinement step lies the implicit or explicit analysis of a ...
Incremental Bisimulation Abstraction Refinement
ACSD '13: Proceedings of the 2013 13th International Conference on Application of Concurrency to System DesignAbstraction refinement techniques in probabilistic model checking are prominent approaches to the verification of very large or infinite-state probabilistic concurrent systems. At the core of the refinement step lies the implicit or explicit analysis of ...
Comments