ABSTRACT
This paper presents the design principles, implementation, and evaluation of the RETOS operating system which is specifically developed for micro sensor nodes. RETOS has four distinct objectives, which are to provide (1) a multithreaded programming interface, (2) system resiliency, (3) kernel extensibility with dynamic reconfiguration, and (4) WSN-oriented network abstraction. RETOS is a multithreaded operating system, hence it provides the commonly used thread model of programming interface to developers. We have used various implementation techniques to optimize the performance and resource usage of multithreading. RETOS also provides software solutions to separate kernel from user applications, and supports their robust execution on MMU-less hardware. The RETOS kernel can be dynamically reconfigured, via loadable kernel framework, so a application-optimized and resource-efficient kernel is constructed. Finally, the networking architecture in RETOS is designed with a layering concept to provide WSN-specific network abstraction. RETOS currently supports Atmel ATmega128, TI MSP430, and Chipcon CC2430 family of microcontrollers. Several real-world WSN applications are developed for RETOS and the overall evaluation of the systems is described in the paper.
- J. Hill, R. Szewczyk, A. Woo, S. Hollar, D. Culler, Kristofer Pister, "System architecture directions for network sensors," In Proc. of the 9th International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems (ASPLOS), Cambridge, MA, November 2000. Google ScholarDigital Library
- C.-C. Han, R. K. Rengaswamy, R. Shea, E. Kohler, M. Srivastava, "SOS: A dynamic operating system for sensor networks," In Proc. of the Third International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications, And Services (Mobisys), Seattle, WA, June 2005. Google ScholarDigital Library
- A. Dunkels, B. Grönvall, T. Voigt, "Contiki - a Lightweight and Flexible Operating System for Tiny Networked Sensors," In Proc. of the First IEEE Workshop on Embedded Networked Sensors (EmNets), Tampa, Florida, November 2004.Google Scholar
- S. Bhatti, J. Carlson, H. Dai, J. Deng, J. Rose, A. Sheth, B. Shucker, C. Gruenwald, A. Torgerson, R. Han, "MANTIS OS: An Embedded Multithreaded Operating System for Wireless Micro Sensor Platforms," ACM/Kluwer Mobile Networks & Applications, Special Issue on Wireless Sensor Networks, vol. 10, no. 4, August 2005. Google ScholarDigital Library
- L. Gu, J. A. Stankovic, "t-kernel: Providing Reliable OS Support to Wireless Sensor Networks," In Proc. of the 4th ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (Sensys), Boulder, Colorado, 2006. Google ScholarDigital Library
- R. Kumar, S. PalChaudhuri, D. Johnson, U. Ramachandran, "Network Stack Architecture for Future Sensors," Rice University, Computer Science, Technical Report, TR04-447.Google Scholar
- Tmote Sky, http://www.moteiv.com.Google Scholar
- MicaZ, http://www.xbow.com.Google Scholar
- CC2430, http://www.chipcon.com.Google Scholar
- H. Kim, H. Cha, "Towards a Resilient Operating System for Wireless Sensor Networks", In Proc. of the 2006 USENIX Annual Technical Conference, Boston, Massachusetts, June 2006. Google ScholarDigital Library
- H. Kim, H. Cha, "Multithreading Optimization Techniques for Sensor Network Operating Systems," In Proc. of the 4th European conference on Wireless Sensor Networks (EWSN), Delft, Netherlands, January 2007. Google ScholarDigital Library
- R. Behren, J. Condit, E. Brewer, "Why events are a bad idea (for high-concurrency servers)," In Proc. of the 9th Workshop on Hot Topics in Operating Systems (HotOS), Lihue, Hawaii, 2003. Google ScholarDigital Library
- POSIX 1003.1B, http://www.unix.org/version3.Google Scholar
- H. Shin, H. Cha, "Supporting Application-Oriented Kernel Functionality for Resource Constrained Wireless Sensor Nodes," In Proc. of the 2nd International Conference on Mobile Ad-hoc and Sensor Networks (MSN 2006), Hong Kong, China, December 2006.Google Scholar
- S. Choi, H. Cha, "Application-Centric Networking Framework for Wireless Sensor Nodes," In Proc. of the 3rd Annual International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Systems (MOBIQUITOUS), San Jose, California, July 2006.Google Scholar
- I. Jung, H. Cha, "RMTool: Component-Based Network Management System for Wireless Sensor Networks," In Proc. of the 2007 IEEE Consumer Communications and Networking Conference (CCNC), Las Vegas, January 2007.Google Scholar
- S. Yi, H. Cha, "Active Tracking System using IEEE 802.15.4-based Ultrasonic Sensor Devices," In Proc. of the 2nd International Workshop on RFID and Ubiquitous Sensor Networks (USN), Seoul, Korea, August 2006.Google Scholar
- Y. Lee, H. Cha, "A Light-weight and Scalable Localization Technique Using Mobile Acoustic Source," In Proc. of the 2006 IEEE International Conference on Computer and Information Technology (CIT 2006), Seoul, Korea, September 2006. Google ScholarDigital Library
- M. Maróti, B. Kusy, G. Simon, A. Ledeczi, "The Flooding Time Synchronization Protocol," In Proc. of the 2nd ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems, Baltimore, MD, 2004. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Y. You, H. Cha, "Scalable and Low-Cost Acoustic Source Localization for Wireless Sensor Networks," In Proc. of the 3rd International Conference on Ubiquitous Intelligence and Computing (UIC), Wuhan and Three Gorges, China, September 2006. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Y. Sung, H. Cha, "Parametric Routing for Wireless Sensor Networks," In Proc. of the 2006 International Symposium on Ubiquitous Computing Systems (UCS), Seoul, Korea, October 2006. Google ScholarDigital Library
- D. Gay, P. Levis, R. Behren, M. Welsh, E. Brewer, D. Culler, "The nesC Language: A Holistic Approach to Network Embedded Systems," In Proc. of the ACM SIGPLAN 2003 Conference on Programming Language Design and Implementation (PLDI), San Diego, CA, June 2003. Google ScholarDigital Library
- R. Kumar, E. Kohler, M. Srivastava, "Software-Based Memory Protection In Sensor Nodes," In Proc. of the Third Workshop on Embedded Networked Sensors (EmNets), Cambridge, MA, 2006.Google Scholar
- R. Wahbe, S. Lucco, T. E. Anderson, S. L. Graham, "Software-based fault isolation," In Proc. of the 14th ACM Symposium on Operating System Principles (SOSP), Asheville, NC, USA, December 1993. Google ScholarDigital Library
- A. Dunkels, N. Finne, J. Eriksson, T. Voigt, "Run-time Dynamic Linking for Reprogramming Wireless Sensor Networks," In Proc. of the 4th ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (Sensys), Boulder, Colorado, November 2006. Google ScholarDigital Library
- A. Dunkels, O. Schmidt, T. Voigt, "Protothreads: Simplifying Event-Driven Programming of Memory-Constrained Embedded Systems," In Proc. of the 4th ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (Sensys), Boulder, Colorado, November 2006. Google ScholarDigital Library
- W. Ye, J. Heidemann, D. Estrin, "A Flexible and Reliable Radio Communication Stack on Motes," USC/ISI Technical Report ISI-TR-565.Google Scholar
- A. Dunkels, "Full TCP/IP for 8 Bit Architectures," In Proc. of the 1st ACM/Usenix International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications and Services (MobiSys), San Francisco, May 2003. Google ScholarDigital Library
- J. Polastre, J. Hui, P. Levis, J. Zhao, D. Culler, S. Shenker, I. Stoica, "A Unifying Link Abstraction for Wireless Sensor Networks," In Proc. of the Third ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (SenSys), San Diego, November 2005. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Mote-View, http://www.xbow.com.Google Scholar
- G. Tolle, D. Culler, "Design of an Application-Cooperative Management System for Wireless Sensor Networks," In Proc. of the 2nd European Workshop on Wireless Sensor Networks (EWSN), Istanbul, Turkey, January 2005.Google Scholar
- P. J. Marrón, A. Lachenmann, D. Minder, J. Hähner, R. Sauter, K. Rothermel, "TinyCubus: A Flexible and Adaptive Framework for Sensor Networks," In Proc. of the 2nd European Workshop on Wireless Sensor Networks, Istanbul, Turkey, January 2005.Google Scholar
- N. Ramanathan, K. Chang, R. Kapur, L. Girod, E. Kohler, D. Estrin, "Sympathy for the Sensor Network Debugger," In Proc. of the 3rd international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems (Sensys), San Diego, CA, 2005. Google ScholarDigital Library
Index Terms
- RETOS: resilient, expandable, and threaded operating system for wireless sensor networks
Recommendations
The RETOS operating system: kernel, tools and applications
IPSN '07: Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Information processing in sensor networksThis demonstration shows the programming development suite of the RETOS operating system for sensor networks, which provides a robust and multithreaded programming interface to application programmers. We first demonstrate how to build the RETOS kernel ...
Joint Sink Mobility and Node Deployment for Prolonging Lifetime in Wireless Sensor Networks
BCGIN '13: Proceedings of the 2013 International Conference on Business Computing and Global InformatizationWhen cluster heads transmit their data to the sink via multi-hop mode, the cluster heads closer to the sink are burdened with heavy relay traffic and tend to die early. In this paper, taking both sink mobility and node deployment into account, we ...
Fuzzy Logic-Based Sink Selection and Load Balancing in Multi-Sink Wireless Sensor Networks
Using multiple sink nodes in wireless sensor networks can greatly improve the lifetime and throughput of the network. One of the important issues in multi-sink wireless sensor networks is the congestion problem in sink nodes which reduces the ...
Comments