skip to main content
10.1145/1410077.1410081acmconferencesArticle/Chapter ViewAbstractPublication PagesmobicomConference Proceedingsconference-collections
research-article

An empirical study of bandwidth predictability in mobile computing

Published: 19 September 2008 Publication History

Abstract

While bandwidth predictability has been well studied in static environments, it remains largely unexplored in the context of mobile computing. To gain a deeper understanding of this important issue in the mobile environment, we conducted an eight-month measurement study consisting of 71 repeated trips along a 23Km route in Sydney under typical driving conditions. To account for the network diversity, we measure bandwidth from two independent cellular providers implementing the popular High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) technology in two different peak access rates (1.8 and 3.6Mbps). Interestingly, we observe no significant correlation between the bandwidth signals at different points in time within a given trip. This observation eventually leads to the revelation that the popular time series models, e.g. the Autoregressive and Moving Average, typically used to predict network traffic in static environments are not as effective in capturing the regularity in mobile bandwidth. Although the bandwidth signal in a given trip appears as a random white noise, we are able to detect the existence of patterns by analyzing the distribution of the bandwidth observed during the repeated trips. We quantify the bandwidth predictability reflected by these patterns using tools from information theory, entropy in particular. The entropy analysis reveals that the bandwidth uncertainty may reduce by as much as 46% when observations from past trips are accounted for. We further demonstrate that the bandwidth in mobile computing appears more predictable when location is used as a context. All these observations are consistent across multiple independent providers offering different data transfer rates using possibly different networking hardware.

References

[1]
"High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA); Overall description; Stage 2." {Online}. Available: http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/specs/html-info/25308.htm
[2]
W. E. Leland, M. S. Taqqu, W. Willinger, and D. V. Wilson, "On the Self-similar Nature of Ethernet Traffic (Extended Version)," IEEE/ACM Trans. Netw., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 1--15, 1994.
[3]
Y. Qiao, J. Skicewicz, and P. Dinda, "An Empirical Study of the Multiscale Predictability of Network Traffic," in Proc. of 13th IEEE International Symposium on High Performance Distributed Computing (HPDC-13 '04), Honolulu, Hawaii USA, Jun. 2004.
[4]
A. Sang and S. Q. Li, "A Predictability Analysis of Network Traffic," in Proc. of IEEE Infocom 2000, Tel Aviv, Israel, Mar. 2000.
[5]
J. Zhang and I. Marsic, "Link Quality and Signal-to-Noise Ratio in 802.11 WLAN with Fading: A Time-Series Analysis," in Proc. of Vehicular Technology Conference 2006 Fall, Montreal, Canada, Sep. 2006.
[6]
J. P. Singh, T. Alpcan, P. Agarwal, and V. Sharma, "An Optimal Flow Assignment Framework for Heterogeneous Network Access," in Proc. IEEE International Symposium on a World of Wireless, Mobile and Multimedia Networks (WoWMoM 2007), Helsinki, Finland, Jun. 2007.
[7]
J. Derksen, R. Jansen, M. Maijala, and E. Westerberg, "HSDPA Performance and Evolution," Ericsson Review, no. 03, pp. 117--120, 2006.
[8]
K. Mattar, A. Sridharan, H. Zang, I. Matta, and A. Bestavros, "TCP Over CDMA2000 Networks : A Cross-Layer Measurement Study," in Proc. of PAM 2007, Louvain-la-neuve, Belgium, Apr. 2007.
[9]
W. L. Tan, F. Lam, andW. C. Lau, "An Empirical Study on 3G Network Capacity and Performance," in Proc. of IEEE Infocom 2007, Anchorage, Alaska, USA, May 2007.
[10]
Y. Lee, "Measured TCP Performance in CDMA1x EV-DO Network," in Proc. of PAM 2006, Adelaide, Australia, Mar. 2006.
[11]
P. Rodriguez, R. Chakravorty, I. Pratt, and S. Banerjee, "MARS: A Commuter Router Infrastructure for the Mobile Internet," in Proc. of ACM MobiSys 2004, Boston, MA, USA, Jun. 2004.
[12]
V. Bychkovsky, B. Hull, A. K. Miu, H. Balakrishnan, and S. Madden, "A Measurement Study of Vehicular Internet Access Using In Situ Wi-Fi Networks," in Proc. of 12th ACM MobiCom, Los Angeles, CA, USA, Sep. 2006.
[13]
J. Ött and D. Kutscher, "Drive-thru Internet: IEEE 802.11b for Automobile Users," in Proc. of IEEE Infocom 2004, Hong Kong, China, Mar. 2004.
[14]
N. Gershenfeld, "Signal Entropy and the Thermodynamics of Computation," IBM Systems Journal, vol. 35, no. 3 & 4, pp. 577--587, 1996.
[15]
J.-M. Fran¸cois and G. Leduc, "Entropy-based Knowledge Spreading and Application to Mobility Prediction," in Proc. of the 2005 ACM Conference on Emerging Network Experiment and Technology, Toulouse, France, Oct. 2005.
[16]
A. Bhattacharya and S. K. Das, "LeZi-Update: An Information-Theoretic Framework for Personal Mobility Tracking in PCS Networks," in Proc. of ACM MobiCom 1999, Seattle, Washington, USA, Aug. 1999.
[17]
C. Dovrolis, P. Ramanathan, and D. Moore, "Packet-Dispersion Techniques and A Capacity-Estimation Methodology," IEEE/ACM Trans. Netw., vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 963--977, 2004.
[18]
R. Kapoor, L.-J. Chen, L. Lao, M. Gerla, and M. Y. Sanadidi, "CapProbe: A Simple and Accurate Capacity Estimation Technique," in Proc. of ACM SIGCOMM 2004, Portland, OR, USA, Aug. 2004.
[19]
M. Claypool, R. Kinicki, W. Lee, M. Li, and G. Ratner, "Characterization by Measurement of a CDMA 1x EVDO Network," in Proc. of the Wireless Internet Conference (WICON) 2006, Boston, MA, USA, Aug. 2006.
[20]
N. Thompson, G. He, and H. Luo, "Flow Scheduling for End-host Multihoming," in Proc. of IEEE Infocom 2006, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain, Apr. 2006.
[21]
C. E. Shannon, "Prediction and entropy of printed English," Bell System Technical Journal, vol. 30, pp. 50--64, 1951.
[22]
T. Batu, L. Fortnow, R. Rubinfeld, W. D. Smith, and P. White, "Testing That Distributions Are Close," in Proc. of the IEEE 41st Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science, Redondo Beach, CA, USA, Nov. 2000.

Cited By

View all
  • (2024)Caching in Location Based Services: Approaches, Challenges and Emerging TrendsWireless Personal Communications: An International Journal10.1007/s11277-024-11132-0135:3(1581-1615)Online publication date: 1-Apr-2024
  • (2023)Resource and Bandwidth-Aware Video Analytics with Adaptive Offloading2023 IEEE 20th International Conference on Mobile Ad Hoc and Smart Systems (MASS)10.1109/MASS58611.2023.00021(107-115)Online publication date: 25-Sep-2023
  • (2022)SenSchedule: Scheduling Heterogeneous Resources in Sensor-Cloud InfrastructureIEEE Transactions on Services Computing10.1109/TSC.2020.302267915:4(1825-1840)Online publication date: 1-Jul-2022
  • Show More Cited By

Index Terms

  1. An empirical study of bandwidth predictability in mobile computing

      Recommendations

      Comments

      Information & Contributors

      Information

      Published In

      cover image ACM Conferences
      WiNTECH '08: Proceedings of the third ACM international workshop on Wireless network testbeds, experimental evaluation and characterization
      September 2008
      122 pages
      ISBN:9781605581873
      DOI:10.1145/1410077
      Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]

      Sponsors

      Publisher

      Association for Computing Machinery

      New York, NY, United States

      Publication History

      Published: 19 September 2008

      Permissions

      Request permissions for this article.

      Check for updates

      Author Tags

      1. bandwidth predictability
      2. entropy
      3. information theory
      4. measurement
      5. mobile computing
      6. time series

      Qualifiers

      • Research-article

      Conference

      MobiCom08
      Sponsor:

      Acceptance Rates

      Overall Acceptance Rate 63 of 100 submissions, 63%

      Contributors

      Other Metrics

      Bibliometrics & Citations

      Bibliometrics

      Article Metrics

      • Downloads (Last 12 months)23
      • Downloads (Last 6 weeks)4
      Reflects downloads up to 08 Mar 2025

      Other Metrics

      Citations

      Cited By

      View all
      • (2024)Caching in Location Based Services: Approaches, Challenges and Emerging TrendsWireless Personal Communications: An International Journal10.1007/s11277-024-11132-0135:3(1581-1615)Online publication date: 1-Apr-2024
      • (2023)Resource and Bandwidth-Aware Video Analytics with Adaptive Offloading2023 IEEE 20th International Conference on Mobile Ad Hoc and Smart Systems (MASS)10.1109/MASS58611.2023.00021(107-115)Online publication date: 25-Sep-2023
      • (2022)SenSchedule: Scheduling Heterogeneous Resources in Sensor-Cloud InfrastructureIEEE Transactions on Services Computing10.1109/TSC.2020.302267915:4(1825-1840)Online publication date: 1-Jul-2022
      • (2021)A Survey on Client Throughput Prediction Algorithms in Wired and Wireless NetworksACM Computing Surveys10.1145/347720454:9(1-33)Online publication date: 8-Oct-2021
      • (2021)TBRAProceedings of the 29th ACM International Conference on Multimedia10.1145/3474085.3475590(4007-4015)Online publication date: 17-Oct-2021
      • (2020)Proactive & Time-Optimized Data Synopsis Management at the EdgeIEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering10.1109/TKDE.2020.3021377(1-1)Online publication date: 2020
      • (2020)Reduced Complexity Approach for Uplink Rate Trajectory Prediction in Mobile Networks2020 31st Irish Signals and Systems Conference (ISSC)10.1109/ISSC49989.2020.9180156(1-6)Online publication date: Jun-2020
      • (2020)4G LTE Network Data Collection and Analysis along Public Transportation RoutesGLOBECOM 2020 - 2020 IEEE Global Communications Conference10.1109/GLOBECOM42002.2020.9348031(1-6)Online publication date: Dec-2020
      • (2019)Mobile Computation Offloading for Application Throughput Fairness and Energy EfficiencyIEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications10.1109/TWC.2018.286867918:1(3-19)Online publication date: 1-Jan-2019
      • (2019)Proactive Received Power Prediction Using Machine Learning and Depth Images for mmWave NetworksIEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications10.1109/JSAC.2019.2933763(1-1)Online publication date: 2019
      • Show More Cited By

      View Options

      Login options

      View options

      PDF

      View or Download as a PDF file.

      PDF

      eReader

      View online with eReader.

      eReader

      Figures

      Tables

      Media

      Share

      Share

      Share this Publication link

      Share on social media