Abstract
Data center power consumption is growing to unprecedented levels: the EPA estimates U.S. data centers will consume 100 billion kilowatt hours annually by 2011. Much of this energy is wasted in idle systems: in typical deployments, server utilization is below 30%, but idle servers still consume 60% of their peak power draw. Typical idle periods though frequent--last seconds or less, confounding simple energy-conservation approaches.
In this paper, we propose PowerNap, an energy-conservation approach where the entire system transitions rapidly between a high-performance active state and a near-zero-power idle state in response to instantaneous load. Rather than requiring fine-grained power-performance states and complex load-proportional operation from each system component, PowerNap instead calls for minimizing idle power and transition time, which are simpler optimization goals. Based on the PowerNap concept, we develop requirements and outline mechanisms to eliminate idle power waste in enterprise blade servers. Because PowerNap operates in low-efficiency regions of current blade center power supplies, we introduce the Redundant Array for Inexpensive Load Sharing (RAILS), a power provisioning approach that provides high conversion efficiency across the entire range of PowerNap's power demands. Using utilization traces collected from enterprise-scale commercial deployments, we demonstrate that, together, PowerNap and RAILS reduce average server power consumption by 74%.
- L. Barroso and U. Hölzle, "The case for energy-proportional computing," IEEE Computer, Jan 2007. Google ScholarDigital Library
- C. Bash and G. Forman, "Cool job allocation: Measuring the power savings of placing jobs at cooling-efficient locations in the data center," in Proc. of the 2007 USENIX Annual Technical Conference, Jan 2007. Google ScholarDigital Library
- P. Bohrer, E. Elnozahy, T. Keller, M. Kistler, C. Lefurgy, and R. Rajamony, "The case for power management in web servers, Power Aware Computing, Jan 2002. Google ScholarDigital Library
- J. Chase, D. Anderson, P. Thakar, and A. Vahdat, "Managing energy and server resources in hosting centers," in Proc. of the 18th ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles, Jan 2001. Google ScholarDigital Library
- ECOS and EPR, "Efficient power supplies for data center," ECOS and EPR, Tech. Rep., Feb. 2008.Google Scholar
- X. Fan, W.-D. Weber, and L. A. Barroso, "Power provisioning for a warehouse-sized computer," in Proc. of the 34th Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture, 2007. Google ScholarDigital Library
- U. Hölzle and B.Weihl, "PSU white paper," Google, Tech. Rep., Sep 2006.Google Scholar
- Hynix, "Hynix-DDR2--1Gb," Aug 2008.Google Scholar
- Intel, "Intel Pentium Mprocessor with 2-MB L2 cache and 533-MHz front side bus," Jul 2005.Google Scholar
- Intel, "Intel Pentium dual-core mobile processor," Jun 2007.Google Scholar
- Intel, "Quad--core Intel Xeon processor 5400 series," Apr 2008.Google Scholar
- J. Laudon, "UltraSPARC T1: A 32-threaded CMP for servers, Invited talk, Apr 2006.Google Scholar
- C. Lefurgy, X. Wang, and M. Ware, "Server-level power control, in Proc. of the IEEE International Conference on Autonomic Computing, Jan 2007. Google ScholarDigital Library
- C. Lefurgy, K. Rajamani, F. Rawson, W. Felter, M. Kistler, and T. W. Keller, "Energy management for commercial servers," IEEE Computer, vol. 36, no. 12, 2003. Google ScholarDigital Library
- K. Leigh and P. Ranganathan, "Blades as a general-purpose infrastructure for future system architectures: Challenges and solutions," HP Labs, Tech. Rep. HPL-2006-182, Jan 2007.Google Scholar
- Micron, "DDR2 SDRAM SODIMM," Jul 2004.Google Scholar
- A. Miyoshi, C. Lefurgy, E. V. Hensbergen, R. Rajamony, and R. Rajkumar, "Critical power slope: understanding the runtime effects of frequency scaling," in Proc. of the 16th International Conference on Supercomputing, Jan 2002. Google ScholarDigital Library
- J. Moore, J. Chase, P. Ranganathan, and R. Sharma, "Making scheduling 'cool': Temperature-aware workload placement in data centers," in Proc. of the 2005 USENIX Annual Technical Conference, Jan 2005. Google ScholarDigital Library
- National Semiconductor, "Introduction to power supplies," National Semiconductor, Tech. Rep. AN-556, 2002.Google Scholar
- P. Padala, X. Zhu, Z. Wanf, S. Singhal, and K. Shin, "Performance evaluation of virtualization technologies for server consolidation, HP Labs, Tech. Rep. HPL-2007-59, 2007.Google Scholar
- N. Rasmussen, "AC vs. DC power distribution for data centers, American Power Conversion, Tech. Rep. #63, 2007.Google Scholar
- Samsung, "SSD SATA 3.0Gbps 2.5 data sheet," Mar 2008.Google Scholar
- S. Siddha, V. Pallipadi, and A. V. D. Ven, "Getting maximum mileage out of tickless," in Proc. of the 2007 Linux Symposium, 2007.Google Scholar
- SMSC, "LAN9420/LAN9420i single-chip ethernet controller with HP Auto-MDIX support and PCI interface," 2008.Google Scholar
- N. Tolia, Z.Wang,M.Marwah, C. Bash, P. Ranganathan, and X. Zhu, Delivering energy proportionality with non energy-proportional systems -- optimizing the ensemble," in Proc. of the 1st Workshop on Power Aware Computing and Systems (HotPower '08), Dec 2008. Google ScholarDigital Library
- U.S. EPA, "Energy Star computer specification v. 4.0," U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Tech. Rep., July 2007.Google Scholar
- U.S. EPA, "Report to congress on server and data center energy efficiency," U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Tech. Rep., Aug. 2007.Google Scholar
- U.S. Official Information Administration, "Average retail price of electricity to ultimate customers by end-use sector, by state," Jul 2008.Google Scholar
- P. D. Welch, "On a generalized M/G/1 queuing process in which the first customer of each busy period receives exceptional service, Operations Research, vol. 12, pp. 736--752, 1964.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Q.Wu, P. Juang,M.Martonosi, L. Peh, and D. Clark, "Formal control techniques for power-performance management," IEEE Micro, no. 5, Jan. 2005. Google ScholarDigital Library
Index Terms
- PowerNap: eliminating server idle power
Recommendations
The PowerNap Server Architecture
Data center power consumption is growing to unprecedented levels: the EPA estimates U.S. data centers will consume 100 billion kilowatt hours annually by 2011. Much of this energy is wasted in idle systems: in typical deployments, server utilization is ...
PowerNap: eliminating server idle power
ASPLOS 2009Data center power consumption is growing to unprecedented levels: the EPA estimates U.S. data centers will consume 100 billion kilowatt hours annually by 2011. Much of this energy is wasted in idle systems: in typical deployments, server utilization is ...
PowerNap: eliminating server idle power
ASPLOS XIV: Proceedings of the 14th international conference on Architectural support for programming languages and operating systemsData center power consumption is growing to unprecedented levels: the EPA estimates U.S. data centers will consume 100 billion kilowatt hours annually by 2011. Much of this energy is wasted in idle systems: in typical deployments, server utilization is ...
Comments