ABSTRACT
Fire emergency responders rely on team coordination to survive and succeed in high-stress environments, but traditional education does not directly teach these essential skills. Prior simulations seek the highest possible fidelity, employing resources to capture concrete characteristics of operating environments. We take a different tack, hypothesizing that a zero-fidelity approach, focusing on human-centered aspects of work practice, will improve team coordination learning. Such an approach promotes simulation focus by developing an alternative environment that stimulates participants to engage in distributed cognition. The costs of simulation development are reduced.
To supplement preparation for burn training exercises, 28 fire emergency response students played the Teaching Team Coordination game (T2eC), a zero-fidelity simulation of the distributed cognition of fire emergency response work practice. To test our hypothesis, we develop quantitative evaluation methods for impact on team coordination learning through measures of communication efficiency and cooperative activity. Results show that participants improve cooperation, become more efficient communicators, differentiate team roles through communication, and leverage multiple communication modalities. Given the context of the study amidst the educational process, qualitative data from the students and their expert instructor supports the ecological validity of the contribution of the T2eC zero-fidelity simulation to fire emergency response education.
- Beaubien, J. M., Parker, D. P. The use of simulation for training teamwork skills in health care: How low can you go? Qual. Saf. Health Care 13 (2004), i51--i56.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Cannon-Bowers, J. A., Salas, E., Converse, S. Shared mental models in expert team decision making. In Individual and Group Decision Making: Current Issues, N. J. Castellan, Jr., Ed. Earlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ, 1993, 221--246.Google Scholar
- Ellington, H. A Handbook of Game Design. Kogan Page, London, 1982.Google Scholar
- Endsley, M. R. Toward a theory of situation awareness in dynamic systems. Human Factors 37, 1 (1995), 32--64.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Entin, E. E., Serfaty, D. Adaptive team coordination. Human Factors 41, 2 (1999), 312--325.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Ericsson, K. A., Simon, H. A. Protocol Analysis: Verbal Reports as Data, revised ed. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1992.Google Scholar
- Gagné, R. M. Training devices and simulators: Some research issues. Am. Psychol. 9, 3 (1954), 95--107.Google Scholar
- Gentner, D., Stevens, A. L. Mental Models. Earlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ, 1983.Google Scholar
- Granlund, R., Johansson, B., Persson, M. C3Fire: A micro-world for collaboration training in the ROLF environment. In Proc. Simulation and Modelling, Simulation Theory and Practice (2001).Google Scholar
- Hamilton, W. A., Toups Dugas, P. O., Kerne, A. Synchronized communication and coordinated views: Qualitative data discovery for team game user studies. In Ext. Abs. ACM CHI (2009), 4573--4578. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Hays, R. T., Singer, M. J. Simulation Fidelity in Training System Design: Bridging the Gap Between Reality and Training. Springer-Verlag, New York, 1989.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Hutchins, E. Cognition in the Wild. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1995.Google Scholar
- Jiang, X., Hong, J. I., Takayama, L. A., Landay, J. A. Ubiquitous computing for firefighters: Field studies and prototypes of large displays for incident command. In Proc. ACM CHI (2004), 679--686. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Kleinman, D. L., Serfaty, D. Team performance assessment in distributed decisionmaking. In Proc. Interactive Networked Sim. for Training (1989), 22--27.Google Scholar
- Landgren, J. Making action visible in time-critical work. In Proc. ACM CHI (2006), 201--210. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Lave, J., Wenger, E. Situated Learning: Legitimate Peripheral Participation. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1991.Google ScholarCross Ref
- MacMillan, J., Entin, E. E., Serfaty, D. Communication overhead: The hidden cost of team cognition. In Team Cognition: Understanding the Factors that Drive Process and Performance, E. Salas, S. M. Fiore, Eds. Amer. Psychological Assn., Wash., DC, 2004, 61--82.Google Scholar
- Malone, T. W. Toward a theory of intrinsically motivating instruction. Cognitive Sci. 5, 4 (1981), 333--369.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Mathieu, J. E., Goodwin, G. F., Heffner, T. S., Salas, E., Cannon-Bowers, J. A. The influence of shared mental models on team process and performance. J. Appl. Psychol. 85, 2 (2000), 273--283.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Narayanasamy, V., Wong, K. W., Fung, C. C., Rai, S. Distinguishing games and simulation games from simulators. ACM CIE 4, 2 (2006), 1--18. Google ScholarDigital Library
- National Incident Management System. U.S. Dept. Homeland Security, Wash., DC, 2004.Google Scholar
- Reder, L., Klatzky, R. L. Transfer: Training for performance. In Learning, Remembering, Believing: Enhancing Human Performance, D. Druckman, R. A. Bjork, Eds. Nat'l. Acad., Wash., DC, 1994, 25--56.Google Scholar
- Salen, K., Zimmerman, E. Rules of Play: Game Design Fundamentals. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 2004. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Schechner, R. Between Theater and Anthropology. Univ. Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 1985.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Serfaty, D. E., Entin, E. E., Volpe, C. Adaptation to stress in team decision-making and coordination. In Proc. Human Factors and Ergonomics Soc. (1993), 1228--1233.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Small, S. D., Wuerz, R. C., Simon, R., Shapiro, N., Conn, A., Setnick, G. Demonstration of a high-fidelity simulation team training for emergency medicine. Simulation Training 6, 4 (1999), 312--323.Google Scholar
- Thorndike, E. L., Woodworth, R. S. The influence of improvement in one mental function upon the efficiency of other functions (I). Psychol. Rev., 8 (1901), 247--261.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Toups Dugas, P. O., Kerne, A. Implicit coordination in firefighting practice: Design implications for teaching fire emergency responders. In Proc. CHI (2007), 707--716. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Toups Dugas, P. O., Kerne, A., Hamilton, W. Game design principles for engaging cooperative play: Core mechanics and interfaces for non-mimetic simulation of fire emergency response. In Proc. ACM SIGGRAPH Video Games (2009), 71--78. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Toups Dugas, P. O., Kerne, A., Hamilton, W., Blevins, A. Emergent team coordination: From fire emergency response practice to a non-mimetic simulation game. In Proc. ACM GROUP (2009), 341--350. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Trnka, J., Granlund, H., Granlund, R. Using low-fidelity simulations to support design of decision-support systems for command and control applications. In Proc. Distributed Media Systems (2008), 158--163.Google Scholar
- Welch, B. L. The generalization of the "Student's"? problem when several different population variances are involved. Biometrika 34, 1--2 (1947), 28--35.Google Scholar
Index Terms
- Zero-fidelity simulation of fire emergency response: improving team coordination learning
Recommendations
Implicit coordination in firefighting practice: design implications for teaching fire emergency responders
CHI '07: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing SystemsFire emergency response requires rapidly processing and communicating information to coordinate teams that protect lives and property. Students studying to become fire emergency responders must learn to communicate, process, and integrate information ...
Modeling and simulation method of the emergency response systems based on OODA
Two kinds of emergency response frameworks are built based on OODA loop theory.Describe the emergency response mechanism based on OODA-DEVS theory model.Emergency response system on earthquake is modeling and simulating based on the mentioned mechanism. ...
Emergency response: Elearning for paramedics and firefighters
This article is based on an innovative research project with academics, software developers, and organizational pilot sites to design and develop elearning software for an emergency response simulation with supporting collaborative tools. In ...
Comments