ABSTRACT
High bit error rates reduce the performance of wireless networks. This is exacerbated by the enforcement of bit-by-bit correct transmissions and the resulting retransmission overhead. Recently, research has focused on more efficient link layer mechanisms and on tolerating payload errors. Header errors, however, still cause today's network and transport protocols to drop the erroneous packets.
Instead of retransmitting such packets, we investigate a novel concept (called Refector) of heuristically repairing header bit errors. Refector accepts erroneous packets on end hosts and exploits protocol knowledge and protocol state to assign packets to their correct destination applications. It operates on layers 3 and 4, is independent of the underlying MAC and PHY, and requires no changes to hardware, firmware, and communication behavior.
We evaluate the Refector concept via a prototype implementation deployed in an 802.11 network. Our results show that Refector reduces packet loss in the network by more than 25% when compared to payload-error-tolerant protocols such as UDP-Lite.
- Linux Wireless ath5k driver. {Online} Available http://wireless.kernel.org/en/users/Drivers/ath5k October 12, 2011.Google Scholar
- R. C. Bose and D. K. Ray-Chaudhuri. On a class of error correcting binary group codes. Information and Control, 3(1):68--79, 1960.Google ScholarCross Ref
- T. Breddermann, H. Lüders, P. Vary, I. Aktas, and F. Schmidt. Iterative Source-Channel Decoding with Cross-Layer Support for Wireless VoIP. In Proc. ITG SCC, 2010.Google Scholar
- B. Chen, Z. Zhou, Y. Zhao, and H. Yu. Efficient error estimating coding: feasibility and applications. In Proc. SIGCOMM, pages 3--14, 2010. Google ScholarDigital Library
- R. Comroe and D. Costello. ARQ Schemes for Data Transmission in Mobile Radio Systems. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 2(4):472--481, July 1984.Google ScholarDigital Library
- M. Degermark, B. Nordgren, and S. Pink. IP Header Compression. RFC 2507, IETF, Feb. 1999. Google ScholarDigital Library
- ETSI EN 301 704 V7.2.1 (2000--04). Adaptive Multi-Rate (AMR) Speech Transcoding (GSM 06.90 Version 7.2.1 Release 1998), Apr. 2000.Google Scholar
- S. Gollakota and D. Katabi. Zigzag decoding: combating hidden terminals in wireless networks. In Proc. SIGCOMM, pages 159--170, New York, USA, 2008. ACM. Google ScholarDigital Library
- F. Hammer, P. Reichl, T. Nordström, and G. Kubin. Corrupted speech data considered useful: Improving perceived speech quality of voip over error-prone channels. Acta acustica, 90:1052--1060, Dec. 2004.Google Scholar
- B. Han, A. Schulman, F. Gringoli, N. Spring, B. Bhattacharjee, L. Nava, L. Ji, S. Lee, and R. Miller. Maranello: practical partial packet recovery for 802.11. In Proc. NSDI. USENIX Association, 2010. Google ScholarDigital Library
- hostapd. {Online} Available http://w1.fi/hostapd/ October 12, 2011.Google Scholar
- ITU. ITU-T Recommendation G.729, Jan. 2007.Google Scholar
- V. Jacobson. Compressing TCP/IP Headers for Low-Speed Serial Links. RFC 1144, IETF, Feb. 1990. Google ScholarDigital Library
- K. Jamieson and H. Balakrishnan. PPR: Partial Packet Recovery for Wireless Networks. In Proc. SIGCOMM, pages 315--326, August 2007. Google ScholarDigital Library
- W. Jiang. Bit Error Correction without Redundant Data: a MAC Layer Technique for 802.11 Networks. In Proc. WiNMee, Apr. 2006.Google Scholar
- L.-E. Jonsson, K. Sandlund, G. Pelletier, and P. Kremer. RObust Header Compression (ROHC): Corrections and Clarifications to RFC 3095. RFC 4815, IETF, Feb. 2007.Google Scholar
- A. Kamerman and L. Monteban. WaveLAN-II: a high-performance wireless LAN for the unlicensed band. Bell Labs Technical Journal, 2(3):118--133, 1997.Google ScholarCross Ref
- P.-K. Lam and S. Liew. UDP-Liter: an improved UDP protocol for real-time multimedia applications over wireless links. In Proc. Wireless Communication Systems, 2004, pages 314--318, Sept. 2004.Google Scholar
- L.-Å. Larzon, M. Degermark, S. Pink, E. Jonsson, and E. Fairhurst. The lightweight user datagram protocol (UDP-Lite). RFC 3828, IETF, July 2004.Google Scholar
- K. C.-J. Lin, N. Kushman, and D. Katabi. Ziptx: Harnessing partial packets in 802.11 networks. In Proc. MOBICOM, pages 351--362. ACM, 2008. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Linux Wireless mac80211 framework. {Online} Available http://linuxwireless.org/en/developers/Documentation/mac80211, October 12, 2011.Google Scholar
- Minstrel rate control algorithm. {Online} Available http://linuxwireless.org/en/developers/Documentation/mac80211/RateControl/minstrel, October 12, 2011.Google Scholar
- A. Miu, H. Balakrishnan, and C. E. Koksal. Improving loss resilience with multi-radio diversity in wireless networks. In Proc. ACM MOBICOM, pages 16--30, 2005. Google ScholarDigital Library
- K. Nichols, S. Blake, F. Baker, and D. Black. Definition of the Differentiated Services Field (DS Field) in the IPv4 and IPv6 Headers. RFC 2474, IETF, Dec. 1998. Google ScholarDigital Library
- K. Ramakrishnan, S. Floyd, and D. Black. The Addition of Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) to IP. RFC 3168, IETF, Sept. 2001. Google ScholarDigital Library
- A. Willig, M. Kubisch, C. Hoene, and A. Wolisz. Measurements of a wireless link in an industrial environment using an IEEE 802.11-compliant physical layer. Industrial Electronics, IEEE Transactions on, 49(6):1265--1282, Dec. 2002.Google Scholar
- G. Woo, P. Kheradpour, D. Shen, and D. Katabi. Beyond the bits: cooperative packet recovery using physical layer information. In Proc. MOBICOM, pages 147--158. ACM, 2007. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Refector: heuristic header error recovery for error-tolerant transmissions
Recommendations
TCP over optical burst-switched networks with controlled burst retransmission
For optical burst-switched (OBS) networks in which TCP is implemented at a higher layer, the loss of bursts can lead to serious degradation of TCP performance. Due to the bufferless nature of OBS, random burst losses may occur, even at low traffic ...
Excess buffer requirement for EPD schemes in ATM networks
It is known that the performance of TCP over ATM can be significantly degraded if the bandwidth is occupied by cells belonging to packets that are already corrupted by cell loss due to buffer overflow. The Early Packet Discard (EPD) mechanism is a well ...
Performance of TCP over UBR in ATM with EPD and virtual queuing techniques
While both available bit rate (ABR) and unspecified bit rate (UBR) services can be used to support data traffic in asynchronous transfer mode (ATM), many ATM switch vendors consider UBR to be more attractive because of its low implementation cost in ...
Comments