research-article

Image hatching for visual cryptography

Authors:

Mohan S. KankanhalliAuthors Info & Claims

ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications (TOMM), Volume 8, Issue 2S

Article No.: 32, Pages 1 - 15

https://doi.org/10.1145/2344436.2344438

Published: 20 September 2012 Publication History

Abstract

Image hatching (or nonphotorealistic line-art) is a technique widely used in the printing or engraving of currency. Diverse styles of brush strokes have previously been adopted for different areas of an image to create aesthetically pleasing textures and shading. Because there is no continuous tone within these types of images, a multilevel scheme is proposed, which uses different textures based on a threshold level. These textures are then applied to the different levels and are then combined to build up the final hatched image. The proposed technique allows a secret to be hidden using Visual Cryptography (VC) within the hatched images. Visual cryptography provides a very powerful means by which one secret can be distributed into two or more pieces known as shares. When the shares are superimposed exactly together, the original secret can be recovered without computation. Also provided is a comparison between the original grayscale images and the resulting hatched images that are generated by the proposed algorithm. This reinforces that the overall quality of the hatched scheme is sufficient. The Structural SIMilarity index (SSIM) is used to perform this comparison.

References

[1]

Ateniese, G., Blundo, C., De Santis, A., and Stinson, D. R. 1996. Extended schemes for visual cryptography. Theor. Comput. Sci. 250, 1--16.

Digital Library

[2]

Blundo, C., D'Arco, P., De Santis, A., and 368 Stinson, D. R. 2003. Contrast optimal threshold visual cryptography schemes. SIAM J. Discr. Math. 16, 2, 224--261.

Digital Library

[3]

Elber, G. 1995a. Line art rendering via a coverage of isoparametric curves. IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph. 1, 3, 231--239.

Digital Library

[4]

Elber, G. 1995b. Line illustrations in computer graphics. Visu. Comput. 11, 6, 290--296.

[5]

Elber, G. 1998a. Line art illustrations of parametric and implicit forms. IEEE Trans. Visu. Comput. Graph. 4, 1, 71--81.

Digital Library

[6]

Elber, G. 1998b. Line art illustrations of parametric and implicit forms. IEEE Trans. Visu. Comput. Graph. 4, 1, 71--81.

Digital Library

[7]

Feng, J.-B., Wu, H.-C., Tsai, C.-S., Chang, Y.-F., and Chu, Y.-P. 2008. Visual secret sharing for multiple secrets. Pattern Recogn. 41, 12, 3572--3581.

Digital Library

[8]

Hasluck, P. N. 1977. Manual of Traditional Wood Carving. Dover, New York.

[9]

Hofmeister, T., Krause, M., and Simon, H.-U. 2000. Contrast-Optimal k out of n secret sharing schemes in visual cryptography. Theor. Comput. Sci. 240, 2, 471--485.

Digital Library

[10]

Hou, Y. C., Chang, C. Y., and Tu, S. F. 2001. Visual cryptography for color images based on halftone technology. In Proceedings of International Conference on Image, Acoustic, Speech and Signal Processing, Part 2.

[11]

Hsu, H.-C., Chen, T.-S., and Lin, Y.-H. 2004. The ringed shadow image technology of visual cryptography by applying diverse rotating angles to hide the secret sharing. Netw. Sens. Control 2, 996--1001.

[12]

Ito, R., Kuwakado, H., and Tanaka, H. 1999. Image size invariant visual cryptography. Inst. Electron. Inf. Commun. Engin. Trans. E82-A, 10, 2172--2177.

[13]

Ivins, W. M. 1987. How Prints Look, Photographs with Commentary, revised ed. Beacon Press, Boston, MA.

[14]

Ivins, W. M. 1992. Prints and Visual Communication. MIT Press.

[15]

Lau, D. L. and Arce, G. R. 2000. Modern Digital Halftoning. Marcel Dekker.

Digital Library

[16]

Memon, N. and Wong, P. W. 1998. Protecting digital media content. Commun. ACM 41, 7, 35--43.

Digital Library

[17]

Ostromoukhov, V. 1999. Digital facial engraving. In Proceedings of the ACM SIGGRAPH '99 Conference. 417--424.

Digital Library

[18]

Praun, E., Hoppe, H., Webb, M., and Finkelstein, A. 2001. Real-Time hatching. In Proceedings of the ACM SIGGRAPH '01 Conference. ACM, New York, 581.

Digital Library

[19]

Salisbury, M., Anderson, C., Lischinski, D., and Salesin, D. H. 1996. Scale-Dependent reproduction of pen-and-ink illustrations. In Proceedings of the ACM SIGGRAPH '96 Conference. ACM, New York, 461--468.

Digital Library

[20]

Salisbury, M. P., Anderson, S. E., Barzel, R., and Salesin, D. H. 1994. Interactive pen-and-ink illustration. In Proceedings of the ACM SIGGRAPH '94 Conference. ACM, New York, 101--108.

Digital Library

[21]

Shamir, A. 1979. How to share a secret. Commun. ACM 22, 11, 612--613.

Digital Library

[22]

Shyu, S. J. 2006. Efficient visual secret sharing scheme for color images. Pattern Recogn. 39, 5, 866--880.

Digital Library

[23]

Shyu, S. J., Huang, S.-Y., Lee, Y.-K., Wang, R.-Z., and Chen, K. 2007. Sharing multiple secrets in visual cryptography. Pattern Recogn. 40, 12, 3633--3651.

Digital Library

[24]

Wang, Z., Arce, G., and Di Crescenzo, G. 2009. Halftone visual cryptography via error diffusion. IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur. 4, 3, 383--396.

Digital Library

[25]

Wang, Z. and Bovik, A. 2009. Mean squared error: Love it or leave it&quest; A new look at signal fidelity measures. IEEE Signal Process. Mag. 26, 1, 98--117.

[26]

Wang, Z., Bovik, A., Sheikh, H., and Simoncelli, E. 2004. Image quality assessment: From error visibility to structural similarity. IEEE Trans. Image Process. 13, 4, 600--612.

Digital Library

[27]

Weir, J. and Yan, W. 2008. Multimedia Communication Security: Recent Advances. Nova Science Publishers, Chapter Visual Cryptography: A Survey.

[28]

Weir, J. and Yan, W.-Q. 2009a. Dot-Size variant visual cryptography. In Proceedings of the International Workshop on Digital Watermarking (IWDW). 136--148.

Digital Library

[29]

Weir, J. and Yan, W.-Q. 2009b. Sharing multiple secrets using visual cryptography. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS'09).

[30]

Yang, C.-N., Wang, C.-C., and Chen, T.-S. 2006. Real perfect contrast visual secret sharing schemes with reversing. In Applied Cryptography and Network Security. 433--447.

Digital Library

[31]

Zhou, Z., Arce, G. R., and Di Crescenzo, G. 2006. Halftone visual cryptography. IEEE Trans. Image Process. 15, 8, 2441--2453.

Digital Library

Cited By

Wu XFeng XChen BYang CPeng QYan W(2024)EVCS-DAS: Evolving Visual Cryptography Schemes for Dynamic Access StructuresACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications10.1145/370854721:3(1-27)Online publication date: 14-Dec-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3708547
Yang CWu XChung M(2023)Enhancement of Information Carrying and Decoding for Visual Cryptography with Error CorrectionACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications10.1145/361292720:1(1-24)Online publication date: 5-Aug-2023
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3612927
Yan XLi LSun LChen JWang S(2022)Fake and Dishonest Participant Immune Secret Image SharingACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications10.1145/357284219:4(1-26)Online publication date: 24-Nov-2022
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3572842
Show More Cited By

Index Terms

Image hatching for visual cryptography

Recommendations

Image Hatching for Visual Cryptography
IMVIP '09: Proceedings of the 2009 13th International Machine Vision and Image Processing Conference

Image hatching (or non-photorealistic line-art) is a technique widely applied in the printing or engraving of currency. Diverse styles of brush strokes have previously been adopted for different areas of an image to create textures and shading. Because ...
Sharing more information in gray visual cryptography scheme

Visual cryptography scheme (VCS) shares a binary secret image into several binary shadows, and the secret image can be visually revealed by stacking qualified shadows without computation. From the point of view of sharing secret information, VCS is not ...
Randomness in secret sharing and visual cryptography schemes

Secret sharing schemes allow a secret to be shared among a group of participants so that only qualified subsets of participants can recover the secret. A visual cryptography scheme (VCS) is a special kind of secret sharing scheme in which the secret to ...

Comments

Information & Contributors

Information

Published In

cover image ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications

ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications Volume 8, Issue 2S

Special Issue on Multimedia Security

September 2012

121 pages

ISSN:1551-6857

EISSN:1551-6865

DOI:10.1145/2344436

Issue’s Table of Contents

Copyright © 2012 ACM.

Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]

Publisher

Association for Computing Machinery

New York, NY, United States

Publication History

Published: 20 September 2012

Accepted: 01 May 2011

Revised: 01 May 2011

Received: 01 February 2011

Published in TOMM Volume 8, Issue 2S

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Request Permissions

Check for updates

Author Tags

Qualifiers

Research-article
Research
Refereed

Contributors

Other Metrics

View Article Metrics

Bibliometrics & Citations

Bibliometrics

Article Metrics

11
Total Citations
View Citations
820
Total Downloads

Downloads (Last 12 months)5
Downloads (Last 6 weeks)0

Reflects downloads up to 08 Mar 2025

Other Metrics

View Author Metrics

Citations

Cited By

Wu XFeng XChen BYang CPeng QYan W(2024)EVCS-DAS: Evolving Visual Cryptography Schemes for Dynamic Access StructuresACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications10.1145/370854721:3(1-27)Online publication date: 14-Dec-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3708547
Yang CWu XChung M(2023)Enhancement of Information Carrying and Decoding for Visual Cryptography with Error CorrectionACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications10.1145/361292720:1(1-24)Online publication date: 5-Aug-2023
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3612927
Yan XLi LSun LChen JWang S(2022)Fake and Dishonest Participant Immune Secret Image SharingACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications10.1145/357284219:4(1-26)Online publication date: 24-Nov-2022
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3572842
Yan XLiu LLi LLu Y(2021)Robust Secret Image Sharing Resistant to Noise in SharesACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications10.1145/341975017:1(1-22)Online publication date: 16-Apr-2021
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3419750
Reddy KReddy YTeja NKrishnan PAravindhar DSambath M(2021)Securing images on cloud using visual cryptography2021 5th International Conference on Trends in Electronics and Informatics (ICOEI)10.1109/ICOEI51242.2021.9452827(572-575)Online publication date: 3-Jun-2021
https://doi.org/10.1109/ICOEI51242.2021.9452827
Chavan PJadhav DBorkar G(2020)Challenges to Multimedia Privacy and Security Over Social MediaHandbook of Research on Cyber Crime and Information Privacy10.4018/978-1-7998-5728-0.ch007(118-131)Online publication date: 21-Aug-2020
https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-5728-0.ch007
Yan XYan WLiu LLu Y(2020)Penrose tiling for visual secret sharingMultimedia Tools and Applications10.1007/s11042-020-09568-079:43-44(32693-32710)Online publication date: 29-Aug-2020
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1007/s11042-020-09568-0
P. PSubbiah G(2018)Visual Cryptography for Securing Images in CloudCyber Security and Threats10.4018/978-1-5225-5634-3.ch021(360-380)Online publication date: 2018
https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-5634-3.ch021
P PSubbiah G(2016)Visual Cryptography for Securing Images in CloudCombating Security Breaches and Criminal Activity in the Digital Sphere10.4018/978-1-5225-0193-0.ch015(242-262)Online publication date: 2016
https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0193-0.ch015
Shivani SAgarwal S(2016)Progressive Visual Cryptography with Unexpanded Meaningful SharesACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications10.1145/293561812:4(1-24)Online publication date: 24-Aug-2016
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2935618
Show More Cited By

View Options

Login options

Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

Full Access

Get this Article

View options

PDF

View or Download as a PDF file.

eReader

View online with eReader.

Figures

Tables

Media

View Issue’s Table of Contents