P2P group management systems: A conceptual analysis

Abstract

Peer-to-Peer (P2P) networks are becoming eminent platforms for both distributed computing and interpersonal communication. Their role in contemporary multimedia content delivery and communication systems is strong, as witnessed by many popular applications and services. Groups in P2P systems can originate from the relations between humans, or they can be defined with purely technical criteria such as proximity. In this article, we present a conceptual analysis of P2P group management systems. We illustrate how groups are formed using different P2P system architectures, and analyze the advantages and disadvantages of using each P2P system architecture for implementing P2P group management. The evaluation criteria in the analysis are performance, robustness, fairness, suitability for battery-powered devices, scalability, and security. The outcome of the analysis facilitates the selection of an appropriate P2P system architecture for implementing P2P group management in both further research and prototype development.

References

1. Agostini, A. and Moro, G. 2004. Identification of communities of peers by trust and reputation. In Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence: Methodology, Systems, and Applications (AIMSA'04). Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 3192, Springer, 85--95.
2. Ahmed, R. and Boutaba, R. 2011. A survey of distributed search techniques in large scale distributed systems. IEEE Comm. Surv. Tutorials 13, 2, 150--167.
3. Androutsellis-Theotokis, S. and Spinellis, D. 2004. A survey of peer-to-peer content distribution technologies. ACM Comput. Surv. 36, 4, 335--371.
4. Anglade, A., Tiemann, M., and Vignoli, F. 2007a. Complex-Network theoretic clustering for identifying groups of similar listeners in p2p systems. In Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Recommender Systems. 1--48.
5. Anglade, A., Tiemann, M., and Vignoli, F. 2007b. Virtual communities for creating shared music channels. In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Music Information. 1--6.
6. Arnedo-Moreno, J. and Herrera-Joancomartí, J. 2008. Collaborative groupmembership and access control for jxta. In Proceedings of the 3^rd International Conference on Communication System Software and Middleware. 159--166.
7. Artigas, M., López, P., and Skarmeta, A. 2005. Cyclone: A novel design schema for hierarchical dhts. In Proceedings of the 5^th IEEE International Conference on Peer-to-Peer Computing. 49--56.
8. Banerjee, S., Bhattacharjee, B., and Kommareddy, C. 2002. Scalable application layer multicast. In Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Special Interest Group on Data Communication. 205--217.
9. Bharambe, A. R., Agrawal, M., and Seshan, S. 2004. Mercury: Supporting scalable multi-attribute range queries. In Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Applications, Technologies, Architectures, and Protocols for Computer Communications. 353--366.
10. Biswas, D. and Vidyasankar, K. 2008. A highly flexible data structure for multi-level visibility of p2p communities. In Proceedings of the 9^th International Conference on Distributed Computing and Networking (ICDCN '08). Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 4904, Springer, 363--374.
11. Bittorrent. 2011. http://www.bittorrent.com.
12. Bloehdorn, S., Haase, P., Hefke, M., Sure, Y., and Tempich, C. 2005. Intelligent community lifecycle support. In Proceedings of the 5^th International Conference on Knowledge Management. 1--8.
13. Bottazzi, D., Montanari, R., and Rossi, G. 2008. A self-organizing group management middleware for mobile ad-hoc networks. Comput. Comm. 31, 3040--3048.
14. Brands, E. H. T. B, and Karagiannis, G. 2009. Taxonomy of p2p applications. In Proceedings of the 3^rd IEEE Workshop on Enabling Service-Oriented Internet, GLOBECOM Workshops. 1--8.
15. Buyukkaya, E., Abdallah, M., Cavagna, R., and Hu, S. Y. 2008. GROUP: Dual-Overlay state management for p2p nve. In Proceedings of the 14^th IEEE International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Systems. 817--822.
16. Castano, S. and Montanelli, S. 2005. Semantic self-formation of communities of peers. In Proceedings of the ESWC Workshop on Ontologies in Peer-to-Peer Communities. 1--12.
17. Castro, M., Druschel, P., Kermarrec, A.-M., and Rowstron, A. 2002. SCRIBE: A large-scale and decentralized application-level multicast infrastructure. IEEE J. Select. Areas Comm. 20, 8, 100--110.
18. Castro, M., Druschel, P., Kermarrec, A.-M., Nandi, A., Rowstron, A., and Singh, A. 2003. SplitStream: High-Bandwidth multicast in cooperative environments. In Proceedings of the 19^th ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles. 298--313.
19. Chawathe, Y., Mccanne, S., and Brewer, E. A. 2000. RMX: Reliable multicast for heterogeneous networks. In Proceedings of the 19^th Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communication Societies. 795--804.
20. Das, T., Nandi, S., and Ganguly, N. 2009. Community formation and search in p2p: A robust and self-adjusting algorithm. In Proceedings of the 3^rd Workshop on Intelligent Networks: Adaptation, Communication and Reconfiguration. 1--8.
21. Delmastro, F. and Passarella, A. 2005. An experimental study of p2p group-communication applications in real-world MANETs. In Proceedings of the IEEE ICPS Workshop on Multi-Hop Ad Hoc Networks: From Theory to Reality (REALMAN'05). 1--8.
22. Fan, B., Lui, J. C. S., and Chiu, D.-M. 2009. The design trade-offs of bit-torrent-like file sharing protocols. IEEE/ACM Trans. Network. 17, 2, 365--376.
23. Freedman, M. and Mazières, D. 2003. Sloppy hashing and self-organizing clusters. In Peer-to-Peer Systems II. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 2735, Springer, 45--55.
24. Freenet 2011. http://freenetproject.org.
25. Galatopoullos, D. G., Kalofonos, D. N., and Manolakos, E. S. 2008. A p2p soa enabling group collaboration through service composition. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Pervasive Services. 111--120.
26. Ganesan, P., Gummadi, K., and Garcia-Molina, H. 2004. Canon in G major: Designing DHTs with hierarchical structure. In Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS'04). 263--272.
27. Garcés-erice, L., Biersack, E. W., Felber, P. A., Ross, K. W., and Urvoy-Keller, G. 2003. Hierachical peer-to-peer systems. In Proceedings of the ACM/IFIP International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Computing. 643--657.
28. Gheorghe, G., Locigno, R., and Montresor, A. 2011. Security and privacy issues in p2p streaming systems: A survey. Peer-to-Peer Netw. Appl. 4, 2, 75--91.
29. Gong, Li. 2001. JXTA: A network programming environment. IEEE Internet Comput. 5, 3, 88--95.
30. Gu, W. and Wei, W. 2006. Automatic community discovery in peer-to-peer systems. In Proceedings of the 5^th International Conference on Grid and Cooperative Computing Workshops. 110--116.
31. Gupta, S. and Bostrom, R. P. 2005. Theoretical model for investigating the impact of knowledge portals on different levels of knowledge processing. Int. J. Knowl. Learn. 1, 4, 287--304.
32. Gupta, A. and Mohapatra, P. 2007. Energy consumption and conservation in wifi based phones: A measurement-based study. In Proceedings of the Conference on Sensor, Mesh and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks. 122--131.
33. Halepovic, E. and Deters, R. 2003. The costs using JXTA. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Peer-to-Peer Computing (P2P'03).
34. Harjula, E., Ylianttila, M., Ala-kurikka, J., Riekki, J., and Sauvola, J. 2004. Plug-And-Play application platform: Towards mobile peer-to-peer. In Proceedings of the 3^rd International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Multimedia. 63--69.
35. Harvey, N., Jones, M., Saroiu, S., Theimer, M., and Wolman, A. 2003. SkipNet: A scalable overlay network with practical locality properties. In Proceedings of the 4^th USENIX Symposium on Internet Technologies and Systems. 1--14.
36. Hautakorpi, J. and Camarillo, G. 2007. Evaluation of dhts from the viewpoint of interpersonal communications. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Multimedia. 74--83.
37. Haverinen, H., Siren, J., and Eronen, P. 2007. Energy consumption of always-on applications in wcdma networks. In Proceedings of the 65^th Semi-Annual IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference. 964--968.
38. Jennings, C., Lowekamp, B., Rescorla, E., Baset, S., and Schulzrinne, H. 2010. Resource location and discovery (RELOAD) base protocol. IETF: draft-ietf-p2psip-base-12.
39. Kelényi, I. and Nurminen, J. K. 2008. Optimizing energy consumption of mobile nodes in heterogeneous kademlia-based distributed hash tables. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Next Generation Mobile Applications, Services, and Technologies. 70--75.
40. Khambatti, M., Ryu, K., and Dasgupta, P. 2002a. Efficient discovery of implicitly formed peer-to-peer communities. Int. J. Parallel Distrib. Syst. Netw. 5, 4, 155--164.
41. Khambatti, M., Ryu, K., and Dasgupta, P. 2002b. Peer-to-Peer communities: Formation and discovery. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Computing Systems. 161--166.
42. Khambatti, M., Ryu, K., and Dasgupta, P. 2004. Structuring peer-to-peer networks using interest-based communities. In Proceedings of the International Workshop on Databases, Information Systems, and Peer-to-Peer Computing. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 2944, Springer, 48--63.
43. Kobayashi, H., Takikawa, H., Inaba, T., and Takikawa, Y. 2005. A self-organizing overlay network to exploit the locality of interests for effective resource discovery in p2p systems. In Proceedings of the Symposium on Applications and the Internet. 246--255.
44. Koskela, T., Kassinen, O., Ou, Z., and Ylianttila, M. 2010. Improving community management performance with two-level hierarchical dht overlays.J. Internet Technol. 11, 2, 167--181.
45. Krishnamurthy, B., Wang, J., and Xie, Y. 2001. Early measurement of a cluster-based architecture for p2p systems. In Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM Internet Measurement Workshop. 105--109.
46. Kwok, S. H., and Gao, S. 2003. Knowledge sharing community in p2p network and its application features: A study of motivation perspective. In Proceedings of the 7^th Pacific Asia Conference on Information Systems. 1539--1549.
47. Lei, J., and Fu, X. 2009. Interest-Based peer-to-peer group management. In Proceedings of the 2^nd International Workshop on Future Multimedia Networking. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 5630, Springer, 107--118.
48. Leonard, D., Yao, Z., Rai, V., and Loguinov, D. 2007. On lifetime-based node failure and stochasticresilience of decentralized peer-to-peer networks. IEEE/ACM Trans. Network. 15, 3, 644--656.
49. Leonard, D., Yao, Z., Wang, X., and Loguinov, D. 2008. On static and dynamic partitioning behavior of large-scale p2p networks. IEEE/ACM Trans. Network. 16, 6, 1475--1488.
50. Li, J., Stribling, J., and Gil, T. M. 2004. Comparing the performance of distributed hash tables under churn. In Proceedings of the 3^rd International Workshop on Peer-to-Peer Systems. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 3279, Springer, 87--99.
51. Li, J. and Vuong, S. 2006. Grid resource discovery based on semantic p2pP communities. In Proceedings of the 21st ACM Symposium on Applied Computing. 754--758.
52. Li, J., and Vuong, S. 2005. Ontology-Based clustering and routing in peer-to-peer networks. In Proceedings of the 6^th International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Computing, Applications and Technologies. 791--795.
53. Li, J., Yu, X., Wu, X., Wang, R., and Sun, J. 2007. Semantic community in a peer-to-peer network.Adv. Soft Comput. Advances Intell. Web Master. 43, 192--197.
54. Li, Y. -M., Tan, Y., and Zhou, Y. -P. 2008. Analysis of scale effects in peer-to-peer networks. IEEE/ACM Trans. Network. 16, 3, 590--602.
55. Li, Z., Dong, Y., Zhuang, L., and Huang, J. 2003. Implementation of secure peer group in peer-to-peer network. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Communication Technology. 192--195.
56. Liotta, A., Ballette, M., Lin, L., Gasparoni, M., Brick, P., and Papadoglou, N. 2005. Service-Driven group management for mobile p2p services. IFIP- Int. Federation Inf. Process. Intell. Comm. Syst. 190, 221--230.
57. Liu, K., Bhaduri, K., Das, K., Nguyen, P., and Kargupta, H. 2006. Client-Side web mining for community formation in peer-to-peer environments. ACM SIGKDD Explor. 8, 2, 11--20.
58. Lu, J., and Callan, J. 2003. Content-Based retrieval in hybrid peer-to-peer networks. In Proceedings of ACM Conference on Information and Knowledge Management. 199--206.
59. Maymounkov, P. and Mazieres D. 2002. Kademlia: A peer-to-peer information system based on the xor metric. In Proceedings of the International Workshop on Peer-to-Peer Systems. 1--6.
60. Mei, H. and Chang, S. 2004. PP-COSE: A p2p community search scheme. In Proceedings of the 4^th International Conference on Computer and Information Technology. 416--423.
61. Montanelli, S. 2006. Emergent communities for semantic collaboration in multi-knowledge environments: Methods and techniques. In Proceedings of the 13^th Doctoral Consortium on Advanced Information Systems Engineering. 1152--1159.
62. Morávek, A. and Jelínek, I. 2004. Using centralized element in p2p network for better community management. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer Systems and Technologies. 1--6.
63. Napster 2011. http://free.napster.com.
64. Nurminen, J. K. and Nöyränen, J. 2008. Energy-Consumption in mobile peer-to-peer -- quantitative results from file sharing sharing. In Proceedings of the 5th IEEE Consumer Communications and Networking Conference. 729--733.
65. Ou, Z., Harjula, E., Koskela, T., and Ylianttila, M. 2010. GTPP: General truncated pyramid peer-to-peer architecture over structured dht networks. ACM Mobile Network. Appl. 15, 729--749.
66. Palomar, E., Estevez-Tapiador, J. M., Hernandez-Castro, J. C., and Ribagorda, A. 2006. Security in p2p networks: Survey and research directions. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Emerging Directions in Embedded and Ubiquitous Computing (EUC). Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 4097, Springer, 183--192.
67. Rao, A., Lakshminarayanan, K., Surana, S., Karp, R., and Stoica, I. 2003. Load balancing in structured p2p systems. In Proceedings of the 2^nd International Workshop on Peer-to Peer Systems II. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 2735, Springer, 68--79.
68. Ratnasamy, S., Francis, P., Handley, M., Karp, R., and Shenker, S. 2001. A scalable content-addressable network. In Proceedings of the Conference on Applications, Technologies, Architectures, and Protocols for Computer Communications. 161--172.
69. Ratnasamy, S., Handley, M., Karp, R., and Shenker, S. 2002. Topologically-aware overlay construction and server selection. In Proceedings of the 21^st Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies. 1190--1199.
70. Ravi, N., Scott, J., Han, L., and Iftode, L. 2008. Context-Aware battery management for mobile phones. In Proceedings of the 6^th IEEE Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications. 224--233.
71. Ravichandran, A. and Yoon, J. 2006. Trust management with delegation in grouped peer-to-peer communities. In Proceedings of the 11^th ACM Symposium on Access Control Models and Technologies. 71--80.
72. Rheingold, H. 2000. The Virtual Community: Homesteading on the Electronic Frontier. MIT Press, Cambrdge, MA.
73. Ripeanu, M. 2001. Peer-to-Peer architecture case study: Gnutella network. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Peer-to-Peer Computing. 99--100.
74. Risson, J. and Moors, T. 2006. Survey of research towards robust peer-to-peer networks: Search methods. Comput. Network. 50, 17, 3485--3521.
75. Rodrigues, R. and Druschel, P. 2010. Peer-to-Peer systems. Comm. ACM 53, 10, 72--82.
76. Rowstron, A. and Druschel, P. 2001 Pastry: Scalable, distributed object location and routing for large-scale peer-to-peer systems. In Proceedings of the IFIP/ACM International Conference on Distributed Systems Platforms. 329--350.
77. Sakaryan, G., Unger, H., and Lechner, U. 2004. About the value of virtual communities in p2p networks. In Proceedings of the 4^th IEEE International Symposium and School on Advance Distributed Systems. 170--185.
78. Shan, X. and Shriram, A. 2006. Enterprise mobile applications based on presence and logical proximity. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing. 683--688.
79. Skype 2011. http://www.skype.com.
80. Sripanidkulchai, K., Maggs, B., and Zhang, H. 2003. Efficient content location using interest-based locality in peer-to-peer systems. In Proceedings of the 22^nd Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies. 2166--2176.
81. Stoica, I., Morris, R., Karger, D., Kaashoek, M., and Balakrishnan, H. 2001. Chord: A scalable peer-to-peer lookup service for internet applications. In Proceedings of the Conference on Applications, Technologies, Architectures, and Protocols for Computer Communications. 149--160.
82. Sun, Y., Sun, L., Huang, X., and Lin, Y. 2006. Resource discovery in locality-aware group-based semantic overlay of peer-to-peer networks. In Proceedings of the 1^st ACM International Conference on Scalable Information Systems.
83. Tham, J.-Y., Lee, S.-L., Tan, C.-E., and Tee, L.-C. 2004. A distributed peer-to-peer platform for synchronized group collaboration and knowledge sharing. In Proceedings of International Symposium on Distributed Computing and Applications to Business, Engineering and Science. 94--99.
84. Valduriez, P. and Pacitti, E. 2004. Data management in large-scale p2p systems. In Proceedings of the Conference on Vector and Parallel Processing. 104--118.
85. Wang, Y. and Vassileva, J. 2004. Trust-Based community formation in peer-to-peer file sharing networks. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Web Intelligence. 341--348.
86. Xu, Z., Min, R., and Hu, Y. 2003. HIERAS: A DHT based hierarchical p2p routing algorithm. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Parallel Processing. 187--194.
87. Xue, G. -T., You, J. -Y., and Jia, Z. -Q. 2004. An interest group model for content location in peer-to-peer systems. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on E-Commerce Technology for Dynamic E-Business. 306--309.
88. Yamamoto, A., Araki, Y., and Sweeney, M. 2008. A framework of community management with object deputy mechanism for IP multimedia subsystem. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Applications and the Internet. 463--466.
89. Yang, B., and Garcia-Molina, H. 2003. Designing a super-peer network. In Proceedings of the 19^th International Conference on Data Engineering. 49--60.
90. Yao, Z., Wang, X., Leonard, D., and Loguinov, D. 2009. Node isolation model and age-based neighbor selection in unstructured p2p networks. IEEE/ACM Trans. Network. 17, 1, 144--157.
91. Yu, J. and Li, M. 2008. CBT: A proximity-aware peer clustering system in large-scale bittorrent-like peer-to-peer networks. Comput. Comm. 31, 591--602.
92. Zhang, J., Liu, L., Ramaswamy, L., Zhang, G., and Pu, C. 2007. A utility-aware middleware architecture for decentralized group communication applications. In Proceedings of the ACM/IFIP/USENIX International Conference on Middleware. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 4834, Springer, 410--428.
93. Zhao, B., Duan, Y., Huang, L., Joseph, A., and Kubiatowicz, J. 2002. Brocade: Landmark routing on overlay networks. In Proceedings of the 1^st International Workshop on Peer-to-Peer Systems (Revised Papers). Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 2429, Springer, 34--44.
94. Zhao, B., Huang, L., Stribling, J., Rhea, S., Joseph, A., and Kubiatowicz, J. 2004. Tapestry: A resilient global-scale overlay for service deployment. IEEE J. Selected Areas Comm. 22, 1, 41--53.
95. Zoels, S., Despotovic, Z., and Kellerer, W. 2008. On hierarchical dht systems--an analytical approach for optimal designs. Comput. Comm. 31, 576--590.
96. Zhuang, S. Q., Zhao, B. Y., Joseph, A. D., Katz, R. H., and Kubiatowicz, J. D. 2001. Bayeux: An architecture for scalable and fault-tolerant wide-area data dissemination. In Proceedings of the 11^th International Workshop on Network and Operating Systems Support for Digital Audio and Video. 11--20.

Index Terms

• Computer systems organization

  • Architectures

    • Distributed architectures

• General and reference

  • Document types

    • Surveys and overviews

• Information systems

  • Data management systems

    • Data structures

    • Database management system engines

      • Parallel and distributed DBMSs

  • Information retrieval

    • Search engine architectures and scalability

      • Distributed retrieval

      • Peer-to-peer retrieval

  • Information storage systems

    • Record storage systems

    • Storage architectures

      • Distributed storage

• Networks

  • Network properties

    • Network structure

• Software and its engineering

  • Software notations and tools

    • General programming languages

      • Language features

        • Data types and structures

• Theory of computation

  • Design and analysis of algorithms

    • Data structures design and analysis

  • Theory and algorithms for application domains

    • Database theory

      • Data structures and algorithms for data management