ABSTRACT
Much is known about the complex network structure of the Web, and about behavioral dynamics on the Web. A number of studies address how behaviors on the Web are affected by different network topologies, whilst others address how the behavior of users on the Web alters network topology. These represent complementary directions of influence, but they are generally not combined within any one study. In network science, the study of the coupled interaction between topology and behavior, or state-topology coevolution, is known as 'adaptive networks', and is a rapidly developing area of research. In this paper, we review the case for considering the Web as an adaptive network and several examples of state-topology coevolution on the Web. We also review some abstract results from recent literature in adaptive networks and discuss their implications for Web Science. We conclude that adaptive networks provide a formal framework for characterizing processes acting 'on' and 'of' the Web, and offers potential for identifying general organizing principles that seem otherwise illusive in Web Science.
- Watts, D. J. and Strogatz, S. H. Collective dynamics of 'small-world' networks. 1998. Nature, 393, 6684, 440--442.Google Scholar
- Bárabasi, A. L. A., R. Emergence of Scaling in Random Networks. 1999. Science, 286, 5439, 509--512.Google Scholar
- Newman, M. E. J. 2001. Clustering and preferential attachment in growing networks. Physical Review E, 64, 2, 025102.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Girvan, M. and Newman, M. E. J. Community structure in social and biological networks. 2002. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 99, 12, 7821--7826.Google Scholar
- Mislove, A., Marcon, M., Gummadi, K. P., Druschel, P. and Bhattacharjee, B. Measurement and analysis of online social networks. 2007. In Proceedings of the 7th ACM SIGCOMM conference on Internet measurement San Diego, California, USA. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Dawkins, R. The Selfish Gene. 1989. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
- Leskovec, J., Backstrom, L. and Kleinberg, J. Memetracking and the dynamics of the news cycle. 2009. In Proceedings of 15th ACM SIGKDD Int. Conf. on Knowledge discovery and data mining. Paris, France. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Wu, S., Hofman, J. M., Mason, W. A. and Watts, D. J. Who says what to whom on twitter. 2011. In Proceedings of the WWW (2011). ACM, New York, USA. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Java, A., Song, X., Finin, T. and Tseng, B. 2007. Why we twitter: understanding microblogging usage and communities. In Proceedings of the 9th WebKDD and 1st SNA-KDD 2007 workshop on Web mining and social network analysis. San Jose, California. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Letierce, J., Passant, A., Breslin, J. and Decker, S. 2010. Understanding how Twitter is used to spread scientific messages, In: Proceedings of the WebSci10: Extending the Frontiers of Society On-Line (April 26--27, 2010) Raleigh, NC, USA.Google Scholar
- Onnela, J.-P. and Reed-Tsochas, F. Spontaneous emergence of social influence in online systems. 2010. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (October 11, 2010)Google Scholar
- Centola, D. 2010. The Spread of Behavior in an Online Social Network Experiment. Science, 329, 5996 (September 3, 2010), 1194--1197.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Kempe, D., Kleinberg, J. M. and Tardos, É. 2005. Influential nodes in a diffusion model for social networks. Computer, 3580, 1127--1138. Springer. 3580, 1127--1138. Springer. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Leskovec, J., Adamic, L. A. and Huberman, B. A. 2006. The dynamics of viral marketing. In Proceedings of the 7th ACM conference on Electronic commerce. Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Liu, Y.-Y., Slotine, J.-J. and Bárabasi, A.-L. 2011. Controllability of complex networks. Nature, 473, 7346, 167--173.Google Scholar
- Jin, E. M., Girvan, M. and Newman, M. E. J. 2001. Structure of growing social networks. Physical Review E, 64, 4, 046132.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Dorogovtsev, S. N., Mendes, J. F. F. and Samukhin, A. N. 2000. Structure of Growing Networks with Preferential Linking. Physical Review Letters, 85, 21, 4633.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Kossinets, G. and Watts, D. J. Empirical Analysis of an Evolving Social Network. 2006. Science, 311, 5757 (January 6 2006) 88--90.Google Scholar
- Liben-Nowell, D. and Kleinberg, J. 2007. The link-prediction problem for social networks. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 58, 7. 1019--1031. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Backstrom, L., Huttenlocher, D., Kleinberg, J. and Lan, X.2006. Group formation in large social networks: membership, growth, and evolution. In Proceedings. of the 12th ACM SIGKDD international conference on Knowledge discovery and data mining. Philadelphia, PA, USA. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Chen, J., Geyer, W., Dugan, C., Muller, M. and Guy, I. Make new friends, but keep the old: recommending people on social networking sites. 2009. In Proceedings of the 27th international conference on Human factors in computing systems. (April 4-9, 2009) Boston, MA, USA. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Brzozowski, M. J. and Romero, D. M. 2011. Who Should I Follow? Recommending People in Directed Social Networks. In Proceedings of CSCW2011 (March 19-23, 2011) Hangzhou, China.Google Scholar
- McPherson, M., Lovin, L. and Cook, J. 2001. Birds of a Feather: Homophily in Social Networks. Annual Review of Sociology, 27, 1, 415--444.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Gross, T. and Sayama, H. 2009. Adaptive Networks. Springer-Verlag: BerlinGoogle Scholar
- Gross, T. and Blasius, B. 2008. Adaptive coevolutionary networks: a review. Journal of The Royal Society Interface, 5, 20, 259--271.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Halford, S., Pope, C. and Carr, L. 2010. A Manifesto for Web Science In Proceedings of the WebSci10: Extending the Frontiers of Society On-Line (Raleigh, NC: US., April 26-27, 2010).Google Scholar
- Lee, T., Hall, W., Hendler, J., O'Hara, K., Shadbolt, N. and Weitzner, D. A 2006. Framework for Web Science. Foundations and Trends in Web Science, 1--130. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Hendler, J., Shadbolt, N., Hall, W., Berners-Lee, T. and Weitzner, D. 2008. Web Science: An Interdisciplinary Approach to Understanding the Web. Communications of the ACM, 51, 7, 60--69. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Jackson, M. O. and Watts, A. 2002. A. On the formation of interaction networks in social coordination games.. Games and Economic Behavior 41, 2, 265.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Pacheco, J. M., Traulsen, A. and Nowak, M. A. 2006. Coevolution of Strategy and Structure in Complex Networks with Dynamical Linking. Physical Review Letters, 97, 25, 258103.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Herrera, J. L., Cosenza, M. G. and Tucci, K. 2011. General coevolution of topology and dynamics in networks. 2011. arXiv preprint arXiv:1102.3467.Google Scholar
- Sayama, H. Call for papers: workshop on "State-Topology Coevolution in Adaptive Networks" (STCAN 2011). In Proceedings of the as part of the Eighth International Conference on Complex Systems (ICCS 2011) (Feb. 2011)Google Scholar
- Berlingerio, M., Bonchi, F., Bj Bringmann, R. and Gionis, A. 2009. Mining Graph Evolution Rules. In Proceedings of the European Conference on Machine Learning and Knowledge Discovery in Databases: Part I (Bled, Slovenia, 2009). Springer-Verlag, Google ScholarDigital Library
- Kleinberg, J., Suri, S., Tardos, É. and Wexler, T. 2008. Strategic network formation with structural holes. SIGecom Exch., 7, 3, 1--4. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Van Segbroeck, S., Santos, F. C., Lenaerts, T. and Pacheco, J. M. Reacting Differently to Adverse Ties Promotes Cooperation in Social Networks. 2009. Physical Review Letters, 102, 5, 058105.Google Scholar
- Boccaletti, S., Latora, V., Moreno, Y., Chavez, M. and Hwang, D.-U. 2006. Complex networks: Structure and dynamics. Physics Reports, 424, 4-5, 175--308.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Strogatz, S. H. Exploring complex networks. Nature, 4102001), 268--276.Google Scholar
- Newman, M. E. J. 2003. The structure and function of complex networks. SIAM Review 45, 2, 167--256.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Holme, P. and Newman, M. E. J. 2006. Nonequilibrium phase transition in the coevolution of networks and opinions. Physical Review E, 74, 5, 056108.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Nardini, C., Kozma, B., and Barrat, A. Who's Talking First? 2008. Consensus or Lack Thereof in Coevolving Opinion Formation Models. Physical Review Letters, 100, 15, 158701.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Kozma, B. and Barrat, A. 2008. Consensus formation on adaptive networks. Physical Review E, 77, 1, 016102.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Centola, D., Gonzalez-Avella, Juan Carlos., Eguiluz, Victor M., Miguel, Maxi San Homophily, Cultural Drift and the Co-Evolution of Cultural Groups. 2007. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 51, 6 (December 2007), 905--929.Google Scholar
- Giddens, A. The constitution of society. 1984. Polity Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
- Lane, D. C. 2001. Rerum cognoscere causas: Part II---Opportunities generated by the agency/structure debate and suggestions for clarifying the social theoretic position of system dynamics. System Dynamics Review, 17, 4, 293--309.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Lane, D. C. and Husemann, E. 2008. Steering without Circe: attending to reinforcing loops in social systems. System Dynamics Review, 24, 1, 37--61.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Newman, M. E. J. 2002. Assortative Mixing in Networks. Physical Review Letters, 89, 20, 208701.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Gross, T. and Kevrekidis, I. G. 2008. Robust oscillations in SIS epidemics on adaptive networks: Coarse graining by automated moment closure. EPL (Europhysics Letters), 82, 38004.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Shaw, L. B. and Schwartz, I. B. 2008. Fluctuating epidemics on adaptive networks. Physical Review E, 77, 6, 066101.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Gross, T. and Kevrekidis, I. G. 2008. Robust oscillations in SIS epidemics on adaptive networks: Coarse graining by automated moment closure. EPL (Europhysics Letters), 82, 38004.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Santos, F. C., Pacheco, J. M. and Lenaerts, T. 2006. Cooperation Prevails When Individuals Adjust Their Social Ties. PLoS Comput Biol, 2, 10, e140.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Davies, A., Watson, R., Mills, R., Buckley, C. L. and Noble, J. 2010. If you can't be with the one you love, love the one you're with: How Individual Habituation of Agent Interactions Improves Global Utility. In Proc. Of Artificial Life XII, (Odense, Denmark August 19--23, 2010)Google Scholar
- Watson, R. A., Buckley, C. L. and Mills, R. 2010. Optimization in "Self-modeling" complex adaptive systems. Complexity. Vol. 16 5, 17--26, (May/June 2011). Google ScholarDigital Library
- Watson, R. A., Mills, R. and Buckley, C. L. 2011. Global Adaptation in Networks of Selfish Components: Emergent Associative Memory at the System Scale. Artificial Life. (In Press) Google ScholarDigital Library
- Hebb, D. O. 2002. The Organization of Behavior: A Neuropsychological Theory. Psychology PressGoogle Scholar
- Broder, A., Kumar, R., Maghoul, F., Raghavan, P., Rajagopalan, S., Stata, R., Tomkins, A. and Wiener, J. 2000. Graph structure in the Web. Comput. Netw., 33, 1-6, 309--320. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Wei, D., Zhou, T., Cimini, G., Wu, P., Liu, W. and Zhang, Y.-C. 2011. Effective mechanism for social recommendation of news. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, 390, 11, 2117--2126.Google Scholar
- Blasius, B. and Gross, T. 2009 Dynamic and Topological Interplay in Adaptive Networks. Wiley-VCH Weinheim.Google Scholar
- Tetlow, P. D. 2007. The Web's Awake: An Introduction to the Field of Web Science and the Concept of Web Life. Wiley-Blackwell. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Rupert, M., Rattrout, A. and Hassas, S. 2008. The Web from a Complex Adaptive Systems Perspective. J. Comput. Syst. Sci. 74, 2, 133--145. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Kauffman, S. A. 1993. The Origins of Order. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
- Miller, J. H. and Page, S. E. 2007. Complex Adaptive Systems: An Introduction to Computational Models of Social Life. Princeton University Press. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Ebel, H. and Bornholdt, S. Coevolutionary Games on Networks. 2002. Physical Review E, 66, 5, 056118.Google Scholar
- Eguíluz, V. M., Zimmermann, M. G., Cela-Conde, C. J. and Miguel, M. S. 2005. Cooperation and the Emergence of Role Differentiation in the Dynamics of Social Networks. American Journal of Sociology, 110, 4, 977--1008.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Granovetter, M. 1985. Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness. The American Journal of Sociology, 91, 3, 481--510.Google ScholarCross Ref
- McEvily, B., Perrone, V. and Zaheer, A. 2003. Trust as an Organizing Principle. Organization Science, 14, 1 (January 1, 2003), 91--103. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Guha, R., Kumar, R., Raghavan, P. and Tomkins, A. 2004. Propagation of trust and distrust. In the Proceedings of the 13th international conference on World Wide Web (New York, NY, USA. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Hwang, J., Altmann, J. and Kim, K. 2009.The structural evolution of the Web 2.0 service network. Online Information Review, 33, 6, 1040--1057.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Marsili, M., Vega-Redondo, F. and Slanina, F. 2004. The rise and fall of a networked society: A formal model. In Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 101, 6 (February 10, 2004), 1439--1442.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Palla, G., Bárabasi, A.-L. and Vicsek, T. 2007. Quantifying social group evolution. Nature, 446, 7136, 664--667.Google Scholar
- Albert, R. and Bárabasi, A.-L. 2000. Topology of Evolving Networks: Local Events and Universality. Physical Review Letters, 85, 24, 5234.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Ritzer, G. and Goodman, D. J. 2004. Sociological Theory. McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
- Laland, K., Odling-Smee, J. and Feldman, M. Niche Construction, Biological Evolution and Cultural Change. 1999. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 23, 1.Google Scholar
- Powers, S. T. Social Niche Construction: Evolutionary Explanations for Cooperative Group Formation. Doctoral Thesis, University of Southampton.Google Scholar
- Powers, S. T., Penn, A. S. and Watson, R. A. 2011.The Concurrent Evolution of Cooperation and the Population Structures that Support it. Evolution.Google Scholar
- Shadbolt, N. and Berners-Lee, T. 2008. Web Science Emerges. Scientific American.Google Scholar
Index Terms
- The web as an adaptive network: coevolution of web behavior and web structure
Recommendations
Experience: Analyzing Missing Web Page Visits and Unintentional Web Page Visits from the Client-side Web Logs
Web logs have been widely used to represent the web page visits of online users. However, we found that web logs in Chrome’s browsing history only record 57% of users’ visited websites, i.e., nearly half of a user’s website visits are not recorded. ...
Characterizing Web Usage Regularities with Information Foraging Agents
Abstract--Researchers have recently discovered several interesting, self-organized regularities from the World Wide Web, ranging from the structure and growth of the Web to the access patterns in Web surfing. What remains to be a great challenge in Web ...
Examining users on news provider web sites: a review of methodology
This project implemented and reviewed several methods to collect data about users' information seeking behavior on news provider Web sites. While browsing news sites, participants exhibited a tendency toward a breadth-first search approach where they ...
Comments