ABSTRACT
The exponential growth in processor performance seems to have reached a turning point. Nowadays, energy efficiency is as important as performance and has become a critical aspect to the development of scalable systems. These strict energy constraints paved the way for the development of multi and manycore processors. Research on the performance and the energy efficiency of numerical kernels on multicores are common but studies in the context of manycores are sparse. Unlike these works, in this paper we analyze a well-known irregular NP-complete problem, the Traveling-Salesman Problem (TSP). This study investigates two aspects of the TSP on multicore, NUMA, and manycore processors. First, we concentrate on the nontrivial task of adapting this application to a manycore, specifically the novel MPPA-256 manycore processor. Then, we analyze its performance and energy consumption on different platforms that comprise general-purpose and low-power multicores, a NUMA machine, and the MPPA-256 manycore. Our results show that applications able to fully use the resources of a manycore can have better performance and may consume 9.8 and 13 times less energy when compared to low-power and general-purpose multicore processors, respectively.
- P. Aubry, P.-E. Beaucamps, and F. Blanc et. al. Extended Cyclostatic Dataflow Program Compilation and Execution for an Integrated Manycore Processor. In International Conference on Computational Science (ICCS), volume 18, pages 1624--1633, Barcelona, Spain, 2013. Elsevier.Google Scholar
- D. Brooks, P. Bose, and S. E. Schuster et. al. Power-Aware Microarchitecture: Design and Modeling Challenges for Next-Generation Microprocessors. IEEE Micro, 20(6): 26--44, 2000. Google ScholarDigital Library
- B. D. de Dinechin, P. G. de Massasa, and G. Lagera et. al. A Distributed Run-Time Environment for the Kalray MPPA-256 Integrated Manycore Processor. In Intl. Conference on Computational Science (ICCS), volume 18, pages 1654--1663, Barcelona, Spain, 2013. Elsevier.Google Scholar
- D. Göddeke and Dimitri Komatitsch et al. Energy Efficiency vs. Performance of the Numerical Solution of PDEs: An Application Study on a Low-power ARM-based Cluster. J. Comput. Physics, 237: 132--150, 2013. Google ScholarDigital Library
- M. Hähnel, B. Döbel, M. Völp, and H. Härtig. Measuring Energy Consumption for Short Code Paths Using RAPL. ACM Sigmetrics Performance Evaluation Review, 40(3): 13--17, 2012. Google ScholarDigital Library
- L. V. Kale and G. Zheng. Charm++ and AMPI: Adaptive Runtime Strategies via Migratable Objects. In M. Parashar and X. Li, editors, Advanced Computational Infrastructures for Parallel and Distributed Adaptive Applications, chapter 13. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NUSA, 2009.Google Scholar
- G. Laporte. The Traveling Salesman Problem: An Overview of Exact and Approximate Algorithms. European Journal of Operational Research, 59(2): 231--247, June 1992.Google ScholarCross Ref
- J. Larus. Spending Moore's Dividend. Communications of the ACM, 52: 62--69, 2009. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Li, Hui et. al. Locality and Loop Scheduling on NUMA Multiprocessors. In International Conference on Parallel Processing (ICPP), volume 2, pages 140--147, Syracuse, USA, 1993. IEEE Computer Society. Google ScholarDigital Library
- N. Rajovic et. al. The Low-Power Architecture Approach Towards Exascale Computing. In Workshop on Scalable Algorithms for Large-Scale Systems (ScalA), pages 1--2, New York, USA, 2011. ACM. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Z. Ou, B. Pang, Y. Deng, J. Nurminen, A. Ylä-Jääski, and P. Hui. Energy and Cost-Efficiency Analysis of ARM-Based Clusters. In IEEE/ACM Intl. Symposium on Cluster, Cloud and Grid Computing (CCGrid), pages 115--123, Ottawa, Canada, 2012. IEEE Computer Society. Google ScholarDigital Library
- E. L. Padoin, D. A. G. de Oliveira, P. Velho, and P. Navaux. Time-to-Solution and Energy-to-Solution: A Comparison between ARM and Xeon. In Workshop on Applications for Multi-Core Architectures (WAMCA), pages 48--53, New York, USA, 2012. IEEE Computer Society. Google ScholarDigital Library
- E. Rotem, A. Naveh, A. Ananthakrishnan, and E. Weissmann et al. Power-Management Architecture of the Intel Microarchitecture Code-Named Sandy Bridge. IEEE Micro, 32(2): 20--27, 2012. Google ScholarDigital Library
- L. Stanisic, B. Videau, J. Cronsioe, and A. Degomme et al. Performance Analysis of HPC Applications on Low-Power Embedded Platforms. In Design, Automation & Test in Europe (DATE), pages 475--480, Grenoble, France, 2013. IEEE Computer Society. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Tilera Corporation. TILE-Gx Processor Family. http://www.tilera.com/products/processors/TILE-Gx_Family. Accessed: September 2013.Google Scholar
- E. Totoni and B. Behzad et. al. Comparing the Power and Performance of Intel's SCC to State-of-the-Art CPUs and GPUs. In IEEE Intl. Symposium on Performance Analysis of Systems and Software (ISPASS), pages 78--87, New Brunswick, Canada, 2012. IEEE Computer Society. Google ScholarDigital Library
Index Terms
- Analysis of computing and energy performance of multicore, NUMA, and manycore platforms for an irregular application
Recommendations
On the energy efficiency and performance of irregular application executions on multicore, NUMA and manycore platforms
Until the last decade, performance of HPC architectures has been almost exclusively quantified by their processing power. However, energy efficiency is being recently considered as important as raw performance and has become a critical aspect to the ...
A performance study of general-purpose applications on graphics processors using CUDA
Graphics processors (GPUs) provide a vast number of simple, data-parallel, deeply multithreaded cores and high memory bandwidths. GPU architectures are becoming increasingly programmable, offering the potential for dramatic speedups for a variety of ...
Improving the performance of actor model runtime environments on multicore and manycore platforms
AGERE! 2013: Proceedings of the 2013 workshop on Programming based on actors, agents, and decentralized controlThe actor model is present in many systems that demand substantial computing resources which are often provided by multicore and multiprocessor platforms such as non-uniform memory access architectures (NUMA) and manycore processors. Yet, no mainstream ...
Comments