skip to main content
research-article

Bagadus: An integrated real-time system for soccer analytics

Authors Info & Claims
Published:05 January 2014Publication History
Skip Abstract Section

Abstract

The importance of winning has increased the role of performance analysis in the sports industry, and this underscores how statistics and technology keep changing the way sports are played. Thus, this is a growing area of interest, both from a computer system view in managing the technical challenges and from a sport performance view in aiding the development of athletes. In this respect, Bagadus is a real-time prototype of a sports analytics application using soccer as a case study. Bagadus integrates a sensor system, a soccer analytics annotations system, and a video processing system using a video camera array. A prototype is currently installed at Alfheim Stadium in Norway, and in this article, we describe how the system can be used in real-time to playback events. The system supports both stitched panorama video and camera switching modes and creates video summaries based on queries to the sensor system. Moreover, we evaluate the system from a systems point of view, benchmarking different approaches, algorithms, and trade-offs, and show how the system runs in real time.

References

  1. Mir Adnan Ali and Steve Mann. 2012. Comparametric image compositing: Computationally efficient high dynamic range imaging. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP). 913--916.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  2. Horesh Ben Shitrit, Jerome Berclaz, Francois Fleuret, and Pascal Fua. 2011. Tracking multiple people under global appearance constraints. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (CCV). 137--144. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  3. Jerome Berclaz, Francois Fleuret, Engin Turetken, and Pascal Fua. 2011. Multiple object tracking using k-shortest paths optimization. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 33, 9, 1806--1819. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  4. Matthew Brown and David G. Lowe. 2007. Automatic panoramic image stitching using invariant features. Int. J. Comput. Vision 74, 1, 59--73. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  5. S. Brutzer, B. Hoferlin, and G. Heidemann. 2011. Evaluation of background subtraction techniques for video surveillance. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). 1937--1944. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  6. Cairos Technologies. 2013a. Goal Line Technology (GLT) system. http://www.cairos.com/unternehmen/gltsystem.php.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  7. Cairos Technologies. 2013b. VIS.TRACK. http://www.cairos.com/unternehmen/vistrack.php.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  8. Camargus. 2013. Premium Stadium Video Technology Inrastructure. http://www.camargus.com/.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  9. Chao-Ho Chen, Tsong-Yi Chen, Je-Ching Lin, and Da-Jinn Wang. 2011. People tracking in the multi-camera surveillance system. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Innovations in Bio-inspired Computing and Applications (IBICA). 1--4. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  10. Peter Dizikes. 2013. Sports analytics: A real game-changer. http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2013/sloan-sports-analytics-conference-2013-0304.html.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  11. Christoph Fehn, Christian Weissig, Ingo Feldmann, Markus Muller, Peter Eisert, Peter Kauff, and Hans Bloss. 2006. Creation of high-resolution video panoramas of sport events. In Proceedings of the 8th IEEE International Symposium on Multimedia (ISM). 291--298. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  12. Luis M. Fuentes and Sergio A. Velastin. 2006. People tracking in surveillance applications. Image Vision Comput. 24, 11, 1165--1171.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  13. Benjamin Guthier, Stephan Kopf, and Wolfgang Effelsberg. 2012. Optimal shutter speed sequences for real-time HDR video. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Image Systems and Techniques (IST). 303--308.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  14. Pål Halvorsen, Simen Sægrov, Asgeir Mortensen, David K. C. Kristensen, Alexander Eichhorn, Magnus Stenhaug, Stian Dahl, Håkon Kvale Stensland, Vamsidhar Reddy Gaddam, Carsten Griwodz, and Dag Johansen. 2013. Bagadus: An integrated system for arena sports analytics a soccer case study. In Proceedings of the 4th ACM Multimedia Systems Conference (MMSys). 48--59. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  15. R. I. Hartley and A. Zisserman. 2004. Multiple View Geometry in Computer Vision 2nd Ed. Cambridge University Press. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  16. Hawk-Eye. 2013. Football::Hawk-Eye. http://www.hawkeyeinnovations.co.uk/page/sports-officiating/football.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  17. Interplay Sports. 2013. The ultimate video analysis and scouting software. http://www.interplay-sports.com/.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  18. Sachiko Iwase and Hideo Saito. 2004. Parallel tracking of all soccer players by integrating detected positions in multiple view images. In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR). 751--754. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  19. Hao Jiang, Sidney Fels, and James J. Little. 2007. A linear programming approach for multiple object tracking. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR).Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  20. Hailin Jin. 2008. A three-point minimal solution for panoramic stitching with lens distortion. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). 1--8.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  21. Dag Johansen, Håvard Johansen, Tjalve Aarflot, Joseph Hurley, Åge Kvalnes, Cathal Gurrin, Sorin Sav, Bjørn Olstad, Erik Aaberg, Tore Endestad, Haakon Riiser, Carsten Griwodz, and Pål Halvorsen. 2009. DAVVI: A prototype for the next generation multimedia entertainment platform. In Proceedings of the 17th ACM International Conference on Multimedia (MM). 989--990. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  22. Dag Johansen, Magnus Stenhaug, Roger Bruun Asp Hansen, Agnar Christensen, and Per-Mathias Høgmo. 2012. Muithu: Smaller footprint, potentially larger imprint. In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Digital Information Management (ICDIM). 205--214.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  23. P. Kaewtrakulpong and R. Bowden. 2001. An improved adaptive background mixture model for realtime tracking with shadow detection. In Proceedings of the Video-Based Surveillance Systems. 135--144.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  24. Jinman Kang, Isaac Cohen, and Gerard Medioni. 2003. Soccer player tracking across uncalibrated camera streams. In Proceedings of the Joint IEEE International Workshop on Visual Surveillance and Performance Evaluation of Tracking and Surveillance (VS-PETS). 172--179.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  25. Wen-Chung Kao, Li-Wei Cheng, Chen-Yu Chien, and Wen-Kuo Lin. 2011. Robust brightness measurement and exposure control in real-time video recording. IEEE Trans. Instrument. Measur. 60, 4, 1206--1216.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  26. Jubiao Li and Junping Du. 2010. Study on panoramic image stitching algorithm. In Proceedings of the 2nd Pacific-Asia Conference on Circuits, Communications and Systems (PACCS). 417--420.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  27. Wen-Yan Lin, Siying Liu, Y. Matsushita, Tian-Tsong Ng, and Loong-Fah Cheong. 2011. Smoothly varying affine stitching. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). 345--352. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  28. Noel McKeegan. 2007. The Adidas intelligent football. http://www.gizmag.com/adidas-intelligent-football/8512/.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  29. Tomohiro Ozawa, Kris M. Kitani, and Hideki Koike. 2012. Human-centric panoramic imaging stitching. In Proceedings of the Augmented Human International Conferences Series (AH). 20:1--20:6. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  30. Prozone. 2013. Prozone Sports -- Introducing Prozone performance analysis products. http://www.prozonesports.com/products.html.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  31. Simen Sægrov, Alexander Eichhorn, Jørgen Emerslund, Håkon Kvale Stensland, Carsten Griwodz, Dag Johansen, and Pål Halvorsen. 2012. Bagadus: An integrated system for soccer analysis (demo). In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Distributed Smart Cameras (ICDSC).Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  32. Valter Di Salvo, Adam Collins, Barry McNeill, and Marco Cardinale. 2006. Validation of Prozone: A new video-based performance analysis system. Int. J. Perform. Anal. Sport 6, 1, 108--119.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  33. Nils T. Siebel and Stephen J. Maybank. 2002. Fusion of multiple tracking algorithms for robust people tracking. In Proceedings of the 7th European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV). Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 2353, Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, 373--387. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  34. Stats. 2013. STATS—SportVU—Football/Soccer. http://www.sportvu.com/football.asp.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  35. Yingen Xiong and Kari Pulli. 2009. Color correction for mobile panorama imaging. In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Internet Multimedia Computing and Service (ICIMCS). 219--226. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  36. Yingen Xiong and Kari Pulli. 2010. Fast panorama stitching for high-quality panoramic images on mobile phones. IEEE Trans. Consumer Electron. 56, 2. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  37. Ming Xu, James Orwell, and Graetne Jones. 2004. Tracking football players with multiple cameras. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP). 2909--2912.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  38. Sunghoon Choi Yongduek, Sunghoon Choi, Yongduek Seo, Hyunwoo Kim, and Ki sang Hong. 1997. Where are the ball and players? Soccer game analysis with color-based tracking and image mosaick. In Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Image Analysis and Processing (ICIAP). Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 1311, Springer-Varlag, Berlin Heidelberg, 196--203. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  39. Zhengyou Zhang. 1999. Flexible camera calibration by viewing a plane from unknown orientations. In Proceedings of the 7th IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV). 666--673.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  40. Z. Zivkovic. 2004. Improved adaptive gaussian mixture model for background subtraction. In Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR). 28--31. Vol. 2. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  41. Zoran Zivkovic and Ferdinand van der Heijden. 2006. Efficient adaptive density estimation per image pixel for the task of background subtraction. Pattern Recog. Lett. 27, 7, 773--780. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  42. ZXY. 2013. ZXY Sport Tracking. http://www.zxy.no/.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar

Index Terms

  1. Bagadus: An integrated real-time system for soccer analytics

        Recommendations

        Comments

        Login options

        Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

        Sign in

        Full Access

        • Published in

          cover image ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications
          ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications  Volume 10, Issue 1s
          Special issue of best papers of ACM MMSys 2013 and ACM NOSSDAV 2013
          January 2014
          137 pages
          ISSN:1551-6857
          EISSN:1551-6865
          DOI:10.1145/2576908
          Issue’s Table of Contents

          Copyright © 2014 ACM

          Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected].

          Publisher

          Association for Computing Machinery

          New York, NY, United States

          Publication History

          • Published: 5 January 2014
          • Accepted: 1 October 2013
          • Revised: 1 August 2013
          • Received: 1 May 2013
          Published in tomm Volume 10, Issue 1s

          Permissions

          Request permissions about this article.

          Request Permissions

          Check for updates

          Qualifiers

          • research-article
          • Research
          • Refereed

        PDF Format

        View or Download as a PDF file.

        PDF

        eReader

        View online with eReader.

        eReader