Yasuhiro Ohara
ABSTRACT
IPv4 addresses are nearly exhausted worldwide. For some time until IPv6 becomes pervasive as an ultimate solution, deployment of Carrier Grade NAT (CGN) devices becomes necessary, especially in the mobile carriers' networks which anticipate a large and growing number of new users. In this context, we tackle the evaluation of the impact of inserting a CGN device in the network, and in conjunction with the mobile network communication delays. We compare the Connection Establishment Rate (CER) with or without a CGN device, also with or without the emulated mobile network communication delays. Against our anticipation, the types of time-varying mobile network delays do not have a significant impact on CER. The effect of the changing delay fades away in the aggregation of many user traffic at the core part of the network, even though the time-varying mobile network communication delays are individually and separately emulated for each user. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first to study the relationship between the CGN performance and the mobile network's communication delays. The result suggests that modeling the aggregate traffic trend (such as the constant delay portion in the network dynamics) is more important rather than emulating each user's traffic separately.
- S. Alcock, R. Nelson, and D. Miles. Investigating the Impact of Service Provider NAT on Residential Broadband Users. Technical report, University of Waikato, 2010.Google Scholar
- M. Allman. On the Performance of Middleboxes. In Proc. of IMC, pages 307--312. ACM, 2003. Google ScholarDigital Library
- APNIC. APNIC - APNIC IPv4 Address Pool Reaches Final /8. http://www.apnic.net/publications/news/2011/final-8.Google Scholar
- APNIC. APNIC - IPv4 exhaustion details. http://www.apnic.net/community/ipv4-exhaustion/ipv4-exhaustion-details.Google Scholar
- ARIN. ARIN Enters Phase Four of the IPv4 Countdown Plan. https://www.arin.net/announcements/2014/20140423.html.Google Scholar
- ARIN. The IANA IPv4 Address Free Pool is now Depleted. https://www.arin.net/announcements/2011/20110203.html.Google Scholar
- G. Detal, B. Hesmans, O. Bonaventure, Y. Vanaubel, and B. Donnet. Revealing Middlebox Interference with Tracebox. In Proc. of IMC, pages 1--8. ACM, 2013. Google ScholarDigital Library
- C. Donley, L. Howard, V. Kuarsingh, J. Berg, and J. Doshi. Assessing the Impact of Carrier-Grade NAT on Network Applications. RFC 7021, Sept. 2013.Google Scholar
- A. Durand, R. Droms, J. Woodyatt, and Y. Lee. Dual-Stack Lite Broadband Deployments Following IPv4 Exhaustion. RFC 6333, Aug. 2011.Google Scholar
- J. Huang, F. Qian, Y. Guo, Y. Zhou, Q. Xu, Z. M. Mao, S. Sen, and O. Spatscheck. An In-depth Study of LTE: Effect of Network Protocol and Application Behavior on Performance. In Proc. of SIGCOMM, pages 363--374. ACM, 2013. Google ScholarDigital Library
- T. Miyachi, K. Chinen, and Y. Shinoda. StarBED and SpringOS: Large-scale General Purpose Network Testbed and Supporting Software. In Proc. of VALUETOOLS. ACM, 2006. Google ScholarDigital Library
- T. Miyachi, T. Nakagawa, K. Chinen, S. Miwa, and Y. Shinoda. StarBED and SpringOS Architectures and Their Performance. In Proc. of TRIDENTCOM, pages 43--58. Springer, 2011.Google Scholar
- S. Miyakawa. IPv4 to IPv6 Transformation Schemes. IEICE Transactions, E93-B(5):1078--1084, May 2010.Google Scholar
- A. Müller, F. Wohlfart, and G. Carle. Analysis and Topology-based Traversal of Cascaded Large Scale NATs. In Proc. of HotMiddlebox Workshop, pages 43--48. ACM, 2013. Google ScholarDigital Library
- S. Perreault, I. Yamagata, S. Miyakawa, A. Nakagawa, and H. Ashida. Common Requirements for Carrier-Grade NATs (CGNs). RFC 6888, Apr. 2013.Google Scholar
- RIPE NCC. RIPE NCC Begins to Allocate IPv4 Address Space From the Last /8 -- RIPE Network Coordination Centre. http://www.ripe.net/internet-coordination/news/announcements/ripe-ncc-begins-to-allocate-ipv4-address-space-from-the-last-8.Google Scholar
- P. Srisuresh and M. Holdrege. IP Network Address Translator (NAT) Terminology and Considerations. RFC 2663, Aug. 1999. Google ScholarDigital Library
- S. Triukose, S. Ardon, A. Mahanti, and A. Seth. Geolocating IP Addresses in Cellular Data Networks. In Proc. of PAM, pages 158--167. Springer-Verlag, 2012. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Z. Wang, Z. Qian, Q. Xu, Z. Mao, and M. Zhang. An Untold Story of Middleboxes in Cellular Networks. In Proc. of SIGCOMM, pages 374--385. ACM, 2011. Google ScholarDigital Library
Index Terms
- On the Impact of Mobile Network Delays on Connection Establishment Performance of a Carrier Grade NAT Device
Recommendations
A Multi-perspective Analysis of Carrier-Grade NAT Deployment
IMC '16: Proceedings of the 2016 Internet Measurement ConferenceAs ISPs face IPv4 address scarcity they increasingly turn to network address translation (NAT) to accommodate the address needs of their customers. Recently, ISPs have moved beyond employing NATs only directly at individual customers and instead begun ...
Comments