skip to main content
10.1145/3317550.3321436acmconferencesArticle/Chapter ViewAbstractPublication PageshotosConference Proceedingsconference-collections
research-article
Public Access

In-Network Compute: Considered Armed and Dangerous

Published:13 May 2019Publication History

ABSTRACT

Programmable data planes promise unprecedented flexibility and innovation. But enormous management issues arise when these programmable data-planes, and the in-network compute functionality they enable, are deployed within production networks. In this paper, we present an overview of these management challenges, then explore the limitations of existing management techniques. Finally, we propose a system, Harmony, that encapsulates new abstractions and primitives to address these problems.

References

  1. A. Abhashkumar, J. Lee, J. Tourrilhes, S. Banerjee, W. Wu, J.-M. Kang, and A. Akella. P5: Policy-driven Optimization of P4 Pipeline. In Proceedings of the Symposium on SDN Research, SOSR '17, pages 136--142, New York, NY, USA, 2017. ACM. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  2. A. Agache, M. Ionescu, and C. Raiciu. CloudTalk: Enabling Distributed Application Optimisations in Public Clouds. In Proceedings of the Twelfth European Conference on Computer Systems, EuroSys '17, pages 605--619, New York, NY, USA, 2017. ACM. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  3. N. Amit and M. Wei. The Design and Implementation of Hyperupcalls. In 2018 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (USENIX ATC 18), pages 97--112, Boston, MA, 2018. USENIX Association. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  4. B. Arzani, S. Ciraci, B. T. Loo, A. Schuster, and G. Outhred. Taking the Blame Game out of Data Centers Operations with NetPoirot. In Proceedings of the 2016 ACM SIGCOMM Conference, SIGCOMM '16, pages 440--453, New York, NY, USA, 2016. ACM. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  5. A. AuYoung, Y. Ma, S. Banerjee, J. Lee, P. Sharma, Y. Turner, C. Liang, and J. C. Mogul. Democratic Resolution of Resource Conflicts Between SDN Control Programs. In Proceedings of the 10th ACM International on Conference on Emerging Networking Experiments and Technologies, CoNEXT '14, pages 391--402, New York, NY, USA, 2014. ACM. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  6. H. Ballani, P. Costa, T. Karagiannis, and A. Rowstron. Towards predictable datacenter networks. In Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM 2011 Conference, SIGCOMM '11, pages 242--253, New York, NY, USA, 2011. ACM. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  7. Barefoot Networks. Barefoot Tofino, 2018.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  8. P. Bosshart, D. Daly, G. Gibb, M. Izzard, N. McKeown, J. Rexford, C. Schlesinger, D. Talayco, A. Vahdat, G. Varghese, et al. P4: Programming protocol-independent packet processors. ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, 44(3):87--95, 2014. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  9. P. Bosshart, G. Gibb, H.-S. Kim, G. Varghese, N. McKeown, M. Izzard, F. Mujica, and M. Horowitz. Forwarding Metamorphosis: Fast Programmable Match-action Processing in Hardware for SDN. SIGCOMM Comput. Commun. Rev., 43(4):99--110, Aug. 2013. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  10. B. Burns and D. Oppenheimer. Design Patterns for Container-based Distributed Systems. In 8th USENIX Workshop on Hot Topics in Cloud Computing (HotCloud 16), Denver, CO, 2016. USENIX Association. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  11. P. B. Changhoon Kim and E. Doe. In-band Network Telemetry (INT), 2016. {Online; accessed 14-July-2016}.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  12. M. Charikar, Y. Naamad, J. Rexford, and X. K. Zou. Multi-Commodity Flow with In-Network Processing. CoRR, abs/1802.09118, 2018.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  13. L. Chen, G. Chen, J. Lingys, and K. Chen. Programmable Switch as a Parallel Computing Device. CoRR, abs/1803.01491, 2018.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  14. M. Chow, D. Meisner, J. Flinn, D. Peek, and T. F. Wenisch. The Mystery Machine: End-to-end performance analysis of large-scale Internet services. In Proceedings of the 11th symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation, 2014. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  15. M. Dalton, D. Schultz, J. Adriaens, A. Arefin, A. Gupta, B. Fahs, D. Rubinstein, E. C. Zermeno, E. Rubow, J. A. Docauer, J. Alpert, J. Ai, J. Olson, K. DeCabooter, M. de Kruijf, N. Hua, N. Lewis, N. Kasinadhuni, R. Crepaldi, S. Krishnan, S. Venkata, Y. Richter, U. Naik, and A. Vahdat. Andromeda: Performance, Isolation, and Velocity at Scale in Cloud Network Virtualization. In 15th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 18), pages 373--387, Renton, WA, 2018. USENIX Association. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  16. H. T. Dang, P. Bressana, H. Wang, K. S. Lee, M. Canini, N. Zilberman, F. Pedone, and R. Soulé. P4xos: Consensus as a Network Service. Technical Report 2018/01, University of Lugano, May 2018.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  17. H. T. Dang, D. Sciascia, M. Canini, F. Pedone, and R. Soulé. NetPaxos: Consensus at Network Speed. In Proceedings of the 1st ACM SIGCOMM Symposium on Software Defined Networking Research, SOSR '15, pages 5:1--5:7, New York, NY, USA, 2015. ACM. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  18. H. T. Dang, H. Wang, T.Jepsen, G. Brebner, C. Kim, J. Rexford, R. Soulé, and H. Weatherspoon. Whippersnapper: A P4 Language Benchmark Suite. In Proceedings of the Symposium on SDN Research, SOSR '17, pages 95--101, New York, NY, USA, 2017. ACM. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  19. G. Even, M. Rost, and S. Schmid. An Approximation Algorithm for Path Computation and Function Placement in SDNs. In Proc. 23rd International Colloquium on Structural Information and Communication Complexity (SIROCCO), 2016.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  20. D. Firestone. VFP: A virtual switch platform for host SDN in the public cloud. In 14th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 17), pages 315--328, Boston, MA, 2017. USENIX Association. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  21. R. Fonseca, G. Porter, R. H. Katz, and S. Shenker. X-Trace: A Pervasive Network Tracing Framework. In 4th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design & Implementation (NSDI 07), Cambridge, MA, 2007. USENIX Association. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  22. L. Freire, M. Neves, L. Leal, K. Levchenko, A. Schaeffer-Filho, and M. Barcellos. Uncovering Bugs in P4 Programs with Assertion-based Verification. In Proceedings of the Symposium on SDN Research, SOSR '18, pages 4:1--4:7, New York, NY, USA, 2018. ACM. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  23. M. Ghasemi, T. Benson, and J. Rexford. Dapper: Data Plane Performance Diagnosis of TCP. In Proceedings of the Symposium on SDN Research, SOSR '17, pages 61--74, New York, NY, USA, 2017. ACM. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  24. H. Giesen, L. Shi, J. Sonchack, A. Chelluri, N. Prabhu, N. Sultana, L. Kant, A. J. McAuley, A. Poylisher, A. DeHon, and B. T. Loo. In-network Computing to the Rescue of Faulty Links. In Proceedings of the 2018 Morning Workshop on In-Network Computing, NetCompute '18, pages 1--6, New York, NY, USA, 2018. ACM. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  25. D. Hancock and J. van der Merwe. HyPer4: Using P4 to Virtualize the Programmable Data Plane. In Proceedings of the 12th International on Conference on Emerging Networking EXperiments and Technologies, CoNEXT '16, pages 35--49, New York, NY, USA, 2016. ACM. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  26. N. Handigol, B. Heller, V. Jeyakumar, D. Mazières, and N. McKeown. I Know What Your Packet Did Last Hop: Using Packet Histories to Troubleshoot Networks. In 11th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 14), pages 71--85, Seattle, WA, 2014. USENIX Association. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  27. Z. István, D. Sidler, G. Alonso, and M. Vukolic. Consensus in a Box: Inexpensive Coordination in Hardware. In 13th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 16), pages 425--438, Santa Clara, CA, 2016. USENIX Association. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  28. V. Jalaparti, H. Ballani, P. Costa, T. Karagiannis, and A. Rowstron. Bridging the Tenant-provider Gap in Cloud Services. In Proceedings of the Third ACM Symposium on Cloud Computing, SoCC '12, pages 10:1--10:14, New York, NY, USA, 2012. ACM. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  29. T. Jepsen, M. Moshref, A. Carzaniga, N. Foster, and R. Soulé. Life in the Fast Lane: A Line-Rate Linear Road. In Proceedings of the Symposium on SDN Research, SOSR '18, pages 10:1--10:7, New York, NY, USA, 2018. ACM. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  30. X. Jin, J. Gossels, J. Rexford, and D. Walker. CoVisor: A Compositional Hypervisor for Software-defined Networks. In Proceedings of the 12th USENIX Conference on Networked Systems Design and Implementation, NSDI'15, pages 87--101, Berkeley, CA, USA, 2015. USENIX Association. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  31. X. Jin, X. Li, H. Zhang, N. Foster, J. Lee, R. Soulé, C. Kim, and I. Stoica. NetChain: Scale-Free Sub-RTT Coordination. In 15th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 18), pages 35--49, Renton, WA, 2018. USENIX Association. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  32. X. Jin, X. Li, H. Zhang, R. Soulé, J. Lee, N. Foster, C. Kim, and I. Stoica. NetCache: Balancing Key-Value Stores with Fast In-Network Caching. In Proceedings of the 26th Symposium on Operating Systems Principles, SOSP '17, pages 121--136, New York, NY, USA, 2017. ACM. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  33. S. Y. Ko, I. Hoque, B. Cho, and I. Gupta. On Availability of Intermediate Data in Cloud Computations. In Proceedings of the 12th Conference on Hot Topics in Operating Systems, HotOS'09, pages 6--6, Berkeley, CA, USA, 2009. USENIX Association. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  34. T. Kohler, R. Mayer, F. Dürr, M. Maaß, S. Bhowmik, and K. Rothermel. P4CEP: Towards In-Network Complex Event Processing. In Proceedings of the 2018 Morning Workshop on In-Network Computing, NetCompute '18, pages 33--38, New York, NY, USA, 2018. ACM. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  35. T. Koponen, K. Amidon, P. Balland, M. Casado, A. Chanda, B. Fulton, I. Ganichev, J. Gross, P. Ingram, E. Jackson, A. Lambeth, R. Lenglet, S.-H. Li, A. Padmanabhan, J. Pettit, B. Pfaff, R. Ramanathan, S. Shenker, A. Shieh, J. Stribling, P. Thakkar, D. Wendlandt, A. Yip, and R. Zhang. Network Virtualization in Multi-tenant Datacenters. In 11th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 14), pages 203--216, Seattle, WA, 2014. USENIX Association. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  36. B. Li, Z. Ruan, W. Xiao, Y. Lu, Y. Xiong, A. Putnam, E. Chen, and L. Zhang. KV-Direct: High-Performance In-Memory Key-Value Store with Programmable NIC. In Proceedings of the 26th Symposium on Operating Systems Principles, SOSP '17, pages 137--152, New York, NY, USA, 2017. ACM. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  37. J. Li, E. Michael, and D. R. K. Ports. Eris: Coordination-Free Consistent Transactions Using In-Network Concurrency Control. In Proceedings of the 26th Symposium on Operating Systems Principles, SOSP '17, pages 104--120, New York, NY, USA, 2017. ACM. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  38. J. Li, E. Michael, N. K. Sharma, A. Szekeres, and D. R. K. Ports. Just Say No to Paxos Overhead: Replacing Consensus with Network Ordering. In Proceedings of the 12th USENIX Conference on Operating Systems Design and Implementation, OSDI'16, pages 467--483, Berkeley, CA, USA, 2016. USENIX Association. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  39. Y. Li, D. Wei, X. Chen, Z. Song, R. Wu, Y. Li, X. Jin, and W. Xu. Dumb-Net: A Smart Data Center Network Fabric with Dumb Switches. In Proceedings of the Thirteenth EuroSys Conference, EuroSys '18, pages 9:1--9:13, New York, NY, USA, 2018. ACM. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  40. J. Liang, J. Bi, Y. Zhou, and C. Zhang. In-band Network Function Telemetry. In Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM 2018 Conference on Posters and Demos, SIGCOMM '18, pages 42--44, New York, NY, USA, 2018. ACM. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  41. H. H. Liu, X. Wu, M. Zhang, L. Yuan, R. Wattenhofer, and D. Maltz. zUpdate: Updating Data Center Networks with Zero Loss. SIGCOMM Comput. Commun. Rev., 43(4):411--422, Aug. 2013. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  42. J. Liu, W. Hallahan, C. Schlesinger, M. Sharif, J. Lee, R. Soulé, H. Wang, C. Caçcaval, N. McKeown, and N. Foster. P4V: Practical Verification for Programmable Data Planes. In Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the ACM Special Interest Group on Data Communication, SIGCOMM '18, pages 490--503, New York, NY, USA, 2018. ACM. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  43. M. Liu, L. Luo, J. Nelson, L. Ceze, A. Krishnamurthy, and K. Atreya. In-cBricks: Toward In-Network Computation with an In-Network Cache. In Proceedings of the Twenty-Second International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems, ASPLOS '17, pages 795--809, New York, NY, USA, 2017. ACM. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  44. J. Mace and R. Fonseca. Universal context propagation for distributed system instrumentation. In Proceedings of the Thirteenth EuroSys Conference, EuroSys '18, pages 8:1--8:18, New York, NY, USA, 2018. ACM. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  45. I. Martinez-Yelmo, J. Alvarez-Horcajo, M. Briso-Montiano, D. Lopez-Pajares, and E. Rojas. ARP-P4: A Hybrid ARP-Path/P4Runtime Switch. In 2018 IEEE 26th International Conference on Network Protocols (ICNP), pages 438--439, Sep. 2018.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  46. R. Miao, H. Zeng, C. Kim, J. Lee, and M. Yu. SilkRoad: Making Stateful Layer-4 Load Balancing Fast and Cheap Using Switching ASICs. In Proceedings of the Conference of the ACM Special Interest Group on Data Communication, SIGCOMM '17, pages 15--28, New York, NY, USA, 2017. ACM. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  47. R. Miao, H. Zeng, C. Kim, J. Lee, and M. Yu. SilkRoad: Making Stateful Layer-4 Load Balancing Fast and Cheap Using Switching ASICs. In Proceedings of the Conference of the ACM Special Interest Group on Data Communication, SIGCOMM '17, pages 15--28, New York, NY, USA, 2017. ACM. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  48. C. Monsanto, J. Reich, N. Foster, J. Rexford, and D. Walker. Composing Software Defined Networks. In 10th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 13), pages 1--13, Lombard, IL, 2013. USENIX Association. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  49. R. Ozdag. Intel® Ethernet Switch FM6000 Series-Software Defined Networking. 2012.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  50. P. M. Phothilimthana, M. Liu, A. Kaufmann, S. Peter, R. Bodik, and T. Anderson. Floem: A Programming System for NIC-accelerated Network Applications. In Proceedings of the 12th USENIX Conference on Operating Systems Design and Implementation, OSDI'18, pages 663--679, Berkeley, CA, USA, 2018. USENIX Association. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  51. T. Ristenpart, E. Tromer, H. Shacham, and S. Savage. Hey, You, Get off of My Cloud: Exploring Information Leakage in Third-party Compute Clouds. In Proceedings of the 16th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security, CCS '09, pages 199--212, New York, NY, USA, 2009. ACM. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  52. G. Sallam, G. R. Gupta, B. Li, and B. Ji. Shortest Path and Maximum Flow Problems Under Service Function Chaining Constraints. In IEEE INFOCOM 2018 - IEEE Conference on Computer Communications, pages 2132--2140, April 2018.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  53. D. Sanvito, G. Siracusano, and R. Bifulco. Can the Network Be the AI Accelerator? In Proceedings of the 2018 Morning Workshop on In-Network Computing, NetCompute '18, pages 20--25, New York, NY, USA, 2018. ACM. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  54. A. Sapio, I. Abdelaziz, A. Aldilaijan, M. Canini, and P. Kalnis. In-Network Computation is a Dumb Idea Whose Time Has Come. In Proceedings of the Sixteenth ACM Workshop on Hot Topics in Networks, 2017. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  55. J. Seedorf and E. Burger. Application-Layer Traffic Optimization (ALTO) Problem Statement. RFC 5693, Oct. 2009.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  56. B. H. Sigelman, L. A. Barroso, M. Burrows, P. Stephenson, M. Plakal, D. Beaver, S. Jaspan, and C. Shanbhag. Dapper, a large-scale distributed systems tracing infrastructure. Google research, 2010.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  57. A. Sivaraman, S. Subramanian, M. Alizadeh, S. Chole, S.-T. Chuang, A. Agrawal, H. Balakrishnan, T. Edsall, S. Katti, and N. McKeown. Programmable Packet Scheduling at Line Rate. In Proceedings of the 2016 ACM SIGCOMM Conference, SIGCOMM '16, pages 44--57, New York, NY, USA, 2016. ACM. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  58. J. Sonchack, A. J. Aviv, E. Keller, and J. M. Smith. Turboflow: Information Rich Flow Record Generation on Commodity Switches. In Proceedings of the Thirteenth EuroSys Conference, EuroSys '18, pages 11:1--11:16, New York, NY, USA, 2018. ACM. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  59. J. Sonchack, O. Michel, A. J. Aviv, E. Keller, and J. M. Smith. Scaling Hardware Accelerated Network Monitoring to Concurrent and Dynamic Queries With *Flow. In 2018 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (USENIX ATC 18), pages 823--835, Boston, MA, 2018. USENIX Association. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  60. R. Stoenescu, D. Dumitrescu, M. Popovici, L. Negreanu, and C. Raiciu. Debugging P4 Programs with Vera. In Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the ACM Special Interest Group on Data Communication, SIGCOMM '18, pages 518--532, New York, NY, USA, 2018. ACM. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  61. N. Sultana, S. Galea, D. Greaves, M. Wojcik, J. Shipton, R. Clegg, L. Mai, P. Bressana, R. Soulé, R. Mortier, P. Costa, P. Pietzuch, J. Crowcroft, A. W. Moore, and N. Zilberman. Emu: Rapid Prototyping of Networking Services. In 2017 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (USENIX ATC 17), pages 459--471, Santa Clara, CA, 2017. USENIX Association. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  62. P. Sun, R. Mahajan, J. Rexford, L. Yuan, M. Zhang, and A. Arefin. A Network-state Management Service. In Proceedings of the 2014 ACM Conference on SIGCOMM, SIGCOMM '14, pages 563--574, New York, NY, USA, 2014. ACM. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  63. The Kubernetes Authors. Container Lifecycle Hooks, 2019.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  64. H. Wang, R. Soulé, H. T. Dang, K. S. Lee, V. Shrivastav, N. Foster, and H. Weatherspoon. P4FPGA: A Rapid Prototyping Framework for P4. In Proceedings of the Symposium on SDN Research, SOSR '17, pages 122--135, New York, NY, USA, 2017. ACM. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  65. C. Zhang, J. Bi, Y. Zhou, A. B. Dogar, and J. Wu. HyperV: A High Performance Hypervisor for Virtualization of the Programmable Data Plane. In 2017 26th International Conference on Computer Communication and Networks (ICCCN), pages 1--9, July 2017.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  66. J. Zhang, A. Sinha, J. Llorca, A. M. Tulino, and E. Modiano. Optimal Control of Distributed Computing Networks with Mixed-Cast Traffic Flows. IEEE INFOCOM 2018 - IEEE Conference on Computer Communications, pages 1880--1888, 2018.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  67. P. Zheng, T. Benson, and C. Hu. P4Visor: Lightweight Virtualization and Composition Primitives for Building and Testing Modular Programs. In Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Emerging Networking EXperiments and Technologies, CoNEXT '18, pages 98--111, New York, NY, USA, 2018. ACM. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library

Index Terms

  1. In-Network Compute: Considered Armed and Dangerous

      Recommendations

      Comments

      Login options

      Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

      Sign in
      • Published in

        cover image ACM Conferences
        HotOS '19: Proceedings of the Workshop on Hot Topics in Operating Systems
        May 2019
        227 pages
        ISBN:9781450367271
        DOI:10.1145/3317550

        Copyright © 2019 ACM

        Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected].

        Publisher

        Association for Computing Machinery

        New York, NY, United States

        Publication History

        • Published: 13 May 2019

        Permissions

        Request permissions about this article.

        Request Permissions

        Check for updates

        Qualifiers

        • research-article
        • Research
        • Refereed limited

      PDF Format

      View or Download as a PDF file.

      PDF

      eReader

      View online with eReader.

      eReader