Considering power variations of DVS processing elements for energy minimisation in distributed systems

ABSTRACT

Dynamic voltage scaling (DVS) is a powerful technique to reduce power dissipation in embedded systems. Some efficient DVS algorithms have been recently proposed for the energy reduction in distributed system. However, they achieve the energy savings solely by scaling the system task with respect to the timing constraints, while neglecting that power varies among, the tasks executed by DVS processing elements (DVS-PEs). In this paper we investigate the problem of considering DVS-PE power variations dependent on the executed tasks, during the synthesis of distributed embedded systems and its impact on the energy savings. Unlike previous approaches, which minimise the energy consumption by exploiting the available slack time without considering the PE power profiles, a new and fast heuristic for the voltage scaling problem is proposed, which improves the voltage selection for each task dependent on the individual power dissipation caused by that task. Experimental results show that energy reductions with up to 80.7% are achieved by integrating the proposed DVS algorithm, which considers the PE power profiles, into the co-synthesis of distributed systems.

REFERENCES

• 1: Neal K. Bambha , Shuvra S. Bhattacharyya , Jürgen Teich , Eckart Zitzler, Hybrid global/local search strategies for dynamic voltage scaling in embedded multiprocessors, Proceedings of the ninth international symposium on Hardware/software codesign, p.243-248, April 2001, Copenhagen, Denmark [doi>10.1145/371636.371744]
• 2: C. Brandolese , W. Fornaciari , F. Salice , D. Sciuto, Energy estimation for 32-bit microprocessors, Proceedings of the eighth international workshop on Hardware/software codesign, p.24-28, May 2000, San Diego, California, United States [doi>10.1145/334012.334017]
• 3: T. D. Burd, T. A. Pering, A. J. Stratakos, and R. W. Brodersen. A Dynamic Voltage Scaled Microprocessor System. IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, 35(11):1571-1580, November 2000.
• 4: P. Chretienne, E. G. Coffman, J. K. Lenstra, and Z. Liu. Scheduling Theory and its Applications. John Wiley & Sons, 1995.
• 5: Srinivas Devadas , Sharad Malik, A survey of optimization techniques targeting low power VLSI circuits, Proceedings of the 32nd ACM/IEEE conference on Design automation, p.242-247, June 12-16, 1995, San Francisco, California, United States [doi>10.1145/217474.217536]
• 6: Robert P. Dick , David L. Rhodes , Wayne Wolf, TGFF: task graphs for free, Proceedings of the 6th international workshop on Hardware/software codesign, p.97-101, March 15-18, 1998, Seattle, Washington, United States
• 7: R. P. Dick and N. K. Jha. MOGAC: A Multiobjective Genetic Algorithm for Hardware-Software Co-Synthesis of Distributed Embedded Systems. IEEE Trans. on CAD, 17(10):920-935, Oct 1998.
• 8: Martin Grajcar, Genetic list scheduling algorithm for scheduling and allocation on a loosely coupled heterogeneous multiprocessor system, Proceedings of the 36th ACM/IEEE conference on Design automation, p.280-285, June 21-25, 1999, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States [doi>10.1145/309847.309931]
• 9: Flavius Gruian , Krzysztof Kuchcinski, LEneS: task scheduling for low-energy systems using variable supply voltage processors, Proceedings of the 2001 conference on Asia South Pacific design automation, p.449-455, January 2001, Yokohama, Japan [doi>10.1145/370155.370511]
• 10: Vadim Gutnik , Anantha P. Chandrakasan, Embedded power supply for low-power DSP, IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems, v.5 n.4, p.425-435, Dec. 1997 [doi>10.1109/92.645069 ]
• 11: I. Hong, D. Kirovski, G. Qu,M.Potkonjak, and M. B. Srivastava. Power Optimization of Variable-Voltage Core-Based Systems. IEEE Trans. on Computer-Aided Design, 18(12):1702-1714, Dec 1999.
• 12: Junwei Hou , Wayne Wolf, Process Partitioning for Distributed Embedded Systems, Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Hardware/Software Co-Design, p.70, March 18-20, 1996
• 13: Tohru Ishihara , Hiroto Yasuura, Voltage scheduling problem for dynamically variable voltage processors, Proceedings of the 1998 international symposium on Low power electronics and design, p.197-202, August 10-12, 1998, Monterey, California, United States [doi>10.1145/280756.280894]
• 14: A. Klaiber. The Technology behind Crusoe Processors, January 2000. http://www.transmeta.com.
• 15: Yau-Tsun Steven Li , Sharad Malik , Andrew Wolfe, Performance estimation of embedded software with instruction cache modeling, Proceedings of the 1995 IEEE/ACM international conference on Computer-aided design, p.380-387, November 05-09, 1995, San Jose, California, United States
• 16: Jiong Luo , Niraj K. Jha, Power-conscious joint scheduling of periodic task graphs and aperiodic tasks in distributed real-time embedded systems, Proceedings of the 2000 IEEE/ACM international conference on Computer-aided design, November 05-09, 2000, San Jose, California
• 17: A. Manzak and C. Chakrabarti. Variable Voltage Task Scheduling for Minimizing Energy or Minimizing Power. In Proc. Internation Conference onAcoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, pages 3239-3242, 2000.
• 18: Takanori Okuma , Tohru Ishihara , Hiroto Yasuura, Real-Time Task Scheduling for a Variable Voltage Processor, Proceedings of the 12th international symposium on System synthesis, p.24, November 01-04, 1999
• 19: M. Weiser, B. Welch, A. Demers, and S. Shenker. Scheduling for reduced CPU energy. In Proc. USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI), pages 13-23, 1994.
• 20: W. H. Wolf. Hardware/Software Co-Design of Embedded Systems. In Proceedings of the IEEE, pages 967-989, July 1994.
• 21: F. Yao , A. Demers , S. Shenker, A scheduling model for reduced CPU energy, Proceedings of the 36th Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science (FOCS'95), p.374, October 23-25, 1995

INDEX TERMS

Primary Classification:
  C. Computer Systems Organization
  C.3 SPECIAL-PURPOSE AND APPLICATION-BASED SYSTEMS
      Subjects: Signal processing systems

Additional Classification:
  C. Computer Systems Organization
  C.3 SPECIAL-PURPOSE AND APPLICATION-BASED SYSTEMS
      Subjects: Real-time and embedded systems

  D. Software
  D.4 OPERATING SYSTEMS
      D.4.7 Organization and Design
          Subjects: Distributed systems

General Terms:
Design, Experimentation, Performance