ABSTRACT
In 1956 the distinguished British scientist, novelist, essayist, and statesman C. P. Snow published a three-page observation titled “The Two Cultures” [Snow 1956], describing the distressing lack of communication between two of society's most gifted groups: scientific and literary intellectuals. This brief essay stimulated considerable comment, which led Snow to publish subsequent discussions of the same general theme [Snow 1959; Snow 1963].
The computing industry was barely established in 1956; in the ensuing thirty years it has become a major force in society. It has, in fact, generated many commentaries on the unique nature of the professionals engaged in its many dimensions. Specialties within computing today are as diverse as those in the medical profession.
Despite the many varieties of concentration within computing, two are most commonly represented in academic curricula (and in the ranks of practitioners as well): computer scientists and information systems specialists. Whether these professionals are designated systems programmers and systems analysts or software engineers and applications programmers, there is a significant distinction between their backgrounds, outlooks, and temperaments. In some instances the separation between these two groups is minimal; in others, it is considerable, and perhaps growing. There is justification (with apologies to the late Lord Snow (1905-1980) for adopting and somewhat modifying his model) for suggesting that two cultures exist even within the circumscribed arena of computing, and that the differing orientations of these two groups cause real problems for the larger profession.
The establishment of a profession requires, among other things, the acceptance of a common body of knowledge. This exists, although in fledgling fashion, in computer science (CS) today. The Computing Sciences Accreditation Board (CSAB) is in place, and as of June 1987 had accredited 48 university curricula in the U.S. Draft standards for the accreditation of information systems (IS) curricula have been developed. Leading professional societies, including ACM, DPMA, and the IEEE Computer Society, have participated in the recommendation of criteria for academic programs in one or both of these areas. CS emphasis is placed upon theoretical and mathematical foundations of computing, while IS concentration focuses on pragmatic applications and business uses of computers. Each of these sub-disciplines has little use for the other. Computer scientists denigrate the inelegant nature of the typical COBOL or spreadsheet business application, while information systems specialists decry the inability of the computer scientist to communicate effective1y with users. The polarization between these two groups varies, but each typically views the other with suspicion and distrust.
This paper discusses the differing characteristics of these two groups, highlights the research which has identified these traits, and proposes a model for reintegration of their concerns under the heading of software engineering. C. P. Snow's work elaborating on his initial description of the Two Cultures is used as a framework for the discussion. The paper concludes with guidelines for the management of these two groups of professionals.
- Austing, Richard H. and Casse}, Lillian N. File Organization and Access. Lexington, Mass.: D. C. Heath and Company, 1988. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Buie, Elizabeth A. "Oungian Psychological Type and Programmer Team Building." Proceedingsof IEEE COMRSAC. IEEE, 1965.Google Scholar
- Buxton, 3ohn; Naur, Peter; and Rande11, Brian (editors). Software Engineering: Concepts and Techniques. New York: Petroceli/Charter, Inc., 1976.Google Scholar
- Couger, O. Danie} and Zawacki, Robert A. Motivatinq and Manaqing Computer Personnel. New York: 3ohn Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1980. Google ScholarDigital Library
- "What Motivates DR Professionals." Datamation (September 1978), pp. 116-123.Google Scholar
- Cross, Edward M. "The Behavioral Sty}es of Computer Programmers." Proceedinqs of the Eiqhth_ Annual Computer Personnel Research Conference. New York: Association for Computing Machinery, 1970, pp. 69-91. Google ScholarDigital Library
- "Behavioral Styles of Computer Programmers--Revisited." Proceedinqs of the Ninth Annual ComPuter Personnel Research Conference. New York: Association for Computing Machinery, 1971, pp. 140-167. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Fairley, Richard E. Sof.tware Engineering Concepts. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1985. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Perry, D. K. and Cannon, W. K. "Vocational Interests of Computer Programmers." 3puma1 of Applied Psychology 52 (1968): 31-35.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Shneiderman, Ben. Software Psychology. Cambridge, Mass. ~ Winthrop Publishers, Inc., 1980.Google Scholar
- Snow, CharJ es Percy. "The Two Cultures." New Statesman and Nation LlII (October 6, 1956): 413 414.Google Scholar
- "The Two Cultures and the Scientific Rev~on." (1959). Reprinted in Snow, C. P. RubJic Affairs. New York- Charles Scribner's Sons, Inc., 1971, pp. 13-46.Google Scholar
- "The Two CuJtures- A Second Look." (1963). Reprinted in Snow, C. P. Public Affairs. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, Inc., pp. 47-79.Google Scholar
- Weinberg, Gerald M. The PsychoJocLY of Co~uter Programming. New York- Van Nostrand Reinhold, Inc., 1971. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Willoughby, Theodore C. "Needs, Interests, and Reinforcer Preferences of Data Processing Personnel." Proceedinqs of the Eiqhth Annual Computer Personnel Research Conference. New York: Association for Computing Machinery, 1970, pp. 119- 143. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Y~h, Raymond T. "Editor's Notice." IEEE Transactions on Software Enqineering SE-} } (March 1975), pp. 1-6.Google Scholar
Index Terms
- The two cultures in computing
Recommendations
"Cultures in negotiation": teachers' acceptance/resistance attitudes considering the infusion of technology into schools
A teachers' training project, employing teacher-mentored in-school training approach has been recently initiated in Greek secondary education for the introduction of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) into the classroom. Data resulting from ...
Departmental Cultures of Inclusion
SIGCSE '21: Proceedings of the 52nd ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science EducationAs computer science programs experience booming enrollments, departmental priorities for educating all students are shifting. Nurturing a departmental culture that promotes inclusion when resources and space are scarce can be difficult. As a Birds of a ...
Comments