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Code Placement with Selective Cache Activity Minimization for Embedded Real-time Software Design

Published: 09 November 2003 Publication History

Abstract

Many embedded system designs usually impose (hard)read-time constraints on tasks. Thus, computing a tight upper boundof the worst case execution time (WCET) of a software is a criticallyimportant, but difficult task. The difficulty arises particularlywhen the code is executed on processors with cache-based memorysystems. In this paper, we propose a new code placement techniqueunder cache activity consideration for real-time software design.Specifically, unlike the previous approaches which have triedto minimize total cache misses, which is not necessarily the bestway to meet all timing constraints of tasks, we minimizes the cachemisses in a selective way for tasks according to the degree of tightness(or urgency) of their timing constraints. Based on a concept ofselective cache activity minimization, we propose a new approachwhich solves the code placement problem in two steps: (Step 1) Wetransform the code placement problem into so called an interval selectionproblem, which then we formulate into a 0-1 integer linearprogramming (ILP); (Step 2) We apply an efficient approximationalgorithm, called Code-map, to solve the exact code placementformulation obtained in Step.

References

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{1} D. B. Kirk, "SMART (Strategic Memory Allocation for Real-Time Cache Design," Proc. of 10th Real-Time System Symp., 1989.
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{2} J. Liedtke, H. Hartig, and M. Hohmuth, "OS-Controlled Cache Predictability for Real-Time Systems," Proc. of Real-Time Technology and Application Symposium , 1997.
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{3} R. Min and Y. Hu, "Improving Performance of Large Physically Indexed Caches by Decoupling Memory Addresses from Cache Addresses," IEEE Trans. on Computers, Vol. 50, No. 11, 2001.
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{4} N. E. Bellas and I. N. Hajj, "Architectural and Compiler Techniques for Energy Reduction in High-Performance Microprocessors," IEEE Trans. on VLSI Systems , Vol. 8, No. 3, 2000.
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{5} Y.-S. Li, S. Malik and A. Wolfe, "Performance Estimation of Embedded Software with Instruction Cache Modeling," Proc. ICCAD, 1995.
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{6} H. Tomiyama and H. Yasuura, "Optimal Code Placement of Embedded Software for Instruction Cache," Proc. EDAC, 1996.
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{7} N. Liveris, N. D. Zervas, D. Soudris, and C. E. Goutis, "A Code Transformation-Based Methodology for Improving I-Cache Performance of DSP Applications," Proc. DATE, 2002.
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{8} S. Parameswaran, "Code Placement in Hardware Software Co-synthesis to Improve Performance and Reduce Cost," Proc. DATE, 2001.
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{9} S. Parameswaran and J. Henkel, "I-CoPES: Fast Instruction Code Placement for Embedded Systems to Improve Performance and Energy Efficiency," Proc. ICCAD, 2001.
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{10} P. Jain, S. Devadas, D. Engels, and L. Rudolph, "Software-assisted Cache Replacement Mechanisms for Embedded Systems", Proc. ICCAD, 2001.
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{11} A. Datta, S. Choudhury and A. Basu, "Using Randomized Rounding to Satisfy Timing Constraints of Real-Time Preemptive Tasks," Proc. ASPDAC, 2002.
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{12} D. Burger, T.M. Austin, The Simple Scalar Tool Set, Version 2.0, TR No. 1342, University of Wisconsin-Madison CSD, June 1997.
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{13} http://www.ilog.com

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cover image ACM Conferences
ICCAD '03: Proceedings of the 2003 IEEE/ACM international conference on Computer-aided design
November 2003
899 pages
ISBN:1581137621

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IEEE Computer Society

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Published: 09 November 2003

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ICCAD '03 Paper Acceptance Rate 129 of 490 submissions, 26%;
Overall Acceptance Rate 457 of 1,762 submissions, 26%

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