ABSTRACT
New methods for unobtrusive monitoring of computer users' emotion psychophysiology are very much needed in human-computer interaction research. The present aim was to study heart rate changes during emotionally provocative stimulation. Six-second long auditory, visual, and audiovisual emotionally negative, neutral, and positive stimuli were presented to 24 participants. Heart rate responses were measured with a regular office chair embedded with electromechanical film (the EMFi chair) and with traditional earlobe photoplethysmography (PPG). Ratings of the stimuli were also collected. The results showed that the two heart rate measurements were significantly correlated, r = 0.99. In line with other studies the results showed that, in general, heart rate decelerated in response to emotional stimulation and it decelerated the most in response to negative stimuli as compared with responses to positive and neutral stimuli. Especially, emotional stimulation caused significant changes in heart rate at the 6th second from the stimulus onset. We suggest that the EMFi chair could be used in human-computer interaction for unobtrusive measurement of the user's emotional reactions.
- Allanson, J. (2002). Electrophysiologically interactive computer systems. IEEE Computers, 35, 3, 60--65. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Aula, A. and Surakka, V. (2002). Auditory Emotional Feedback Facilitates Human-Computer Interaction. Proc. HCI 2002, Springer-Verlag, 337--349.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Bradley, M. M., Cuthbert, B. N., and Lang, P. J. (1996). Picture media and emotion: effects of a sustained affective context. Psychophysiology, 33, 662--670.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Bradley, M. M. and Lang, P. J. (1994). Measuring emotion: the self-assessment manikin and the semantic differential. Journal of Behaviol Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 25, 1, 49--59.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Bradley, M. M. and Lang, P. J. (1999). The international affective digitized sounds (IADS): stimuli, instruction manual and affective ratings. Technical Report B-2, The Center for Research in Psychophysiology, University of Florida.Google Scholar
- Bradley, M. M. and Lang, P. J. (2000). Affective reactions to acoustic stimuli. Psychophysiology, 37, 204--215.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Brosschot, J. F. and Thayer, J. F. (2003). Heart rate response is longer after negative emotions than after positive emotions. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 50, 3, 181--187.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Caccioppo, J. T., Berntson, G. G., Larsen, J. T., Poehlmann, K. M., and Ito, T. A. (2000). The Psychophysiology of Emotion. In Lewis, M. and Haviland, J. M. (eds.). Handbook of Emotions (pp. 173-191), 2nd Edition. The Guilford Press, New York.Google Scholar
- Davidson, R. J. (2003). Seven sins in the study of emotion: correctives from affective neuroscience. Brain and Cognition, 52, 129--132.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Davidson, R. J. and Cacioppo, J. T. (1992). New developments in the scientific study of emotion: an introduction to the special section. Psychological Science, 3, 1, 21--22.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Harland, C. J., Clark, T. D., and Prance, R. J. (2002). Electric potential probes - new directions in the remote sensing of the human body. Measurement Science and Technology, 13, 163--169.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Isen, A. M., Daubman, K. A., and Nowicki, G. P. (1987). Positive affect facilitates creative problem solving. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 6, 1122--1131.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Kapoor, A., Mota, S., and Picard, R. W. (2001). Towards a Learning Companion that Recognizes Affect. Proc. Emotional and Intelligent II: The Tangled Knot of Social Cognition, AAAI Fall Symposium 2001.Google Scholar
- Klein, J., Moon, Y., and Picard, R. W. (2002). This computer responds to user frustration: theory, design and results. Interacting with computers, 14, 119--140.Google Scholar
- Lang, P. J., Bradley. M.M., and Cuthbert, B.N. (1992). A motivational analysis of emotion: Reflex-cortex connections. Psychological Science, 3, 1, 44--49.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Lang, P. J., Bradley. M.M., and Cuthbert, B.N. (1999). International Affective Picture System (IAPS): instruction manual and affective ratings. Technical Report A-4, The Center for Research in Psychophysiology, University of Florida.Google Scholar
- Nass, C., Steuer, J., and Tauber, E.R. (1994). Computers are social actors. Proc. CHI 1994, ACM Press, 72--78. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Norman, D.A. (2002). Emotion & design: attractive things work better. Interactions, 9, 4, 36--42. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Paajanen, M., Lekkala, J., and Kirjavainen, K. (2000) ElectroMechanical Film (EMFi) - a new multipurpose electret material. Sensors and Actuators, 84, 95--102.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Palomba D., Angrilli A., and Mini A. (1997). Visual evoked potentials, heart rate responses and memory to emotional pictorial stimuli. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 27, 1, 55--67.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Partala, T., Aula, A., and Surakka, V. (2001). Combined Voluntary Gaze Direction and Facial Muscle Activity as a New Pointing Technique. Proc. INTERACT 2001, IOS Press, 100--107.Google Scholar
- Partala, T. and Surakka, V. (2004). The effects of affective interventions in human-computer interaction. Interacting with Computers, 16, 2, 295--309.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Partala, T., Surakka, V., and Vanhala, T. (2005). Person-independent estimation of emotional experiences from facial expressions. Proceedings of IUI 2005, Accepted. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Picard, R. W. (1997). Affective Computing. MIT Press, Cambridge. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Picard, R. W. and Healey, J. (1997). Affective Wearables. Personal Technologies, 1, 4, 231--240.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Picard, R. W., Vyzas, E., and Healey, J. (2001). Towards machine emotional intelligence: analysis of affective physiological state. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 23, 10, 1175--1190. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Reeves, B. and Nass, C. (1996). The Media Equation: How People Treat Computers, Television, and New Media Like Real People and Places. Cambridge University Press, New York. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Scheirer, J., Fernandez, R., Klein, J., and Picard, R. W. (2002). Frustrating the user on purpose: a step toward building an affective computer. Interacting with computers, 14, 2, 93--118.Google Scholar
- Schneider, W., Eschman, A., and Zuccolotto, A. (2002). E-Prime User's Guide. Psychology Software Tools, Inc, Pittsburgh.Google Scholar
- Schulkin, J., Thompson, B. L., and Rosen, J. B. (2003). Demythologizing the emotions: adaptation, cognition, and visceral representations of emotion in the nervous system. Brain and Cognition, 52, 15--23.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Surakka, V. (2005). Socially and emotionally significant human-computer interaction. To appear in Kappas, A. (ed.). Multi-channel communication on the Internet. Cambridge University Press, New York.Google Scholar
- Surakka, V., Illi, M. & Isokoski, P. (2004). Gazing and Frowning As a New Technique for Human-Computer Interaction. ACM Transactions on Applied Perception, 1, 1, 40--56. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Turk, M. and Robertson, G. (2000). Perceptual User Interfaces. Communications of the ACM, 43, 3, 33--34. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Zajonc, R. B. (1980) Feeling and thinking: preferences need no inferences. American Psychologist, 35, 151--175.Google ScholarCross Ref
Index Terms
- Emotions and heart rate while sitting on a chair
Recommendations
Measuring multiple components of emotions in interactive contexts
CHI EA '06: CHI '06 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing SystemsThe study of users' emotional behavior in HCI has been receiving increasing attention for the last few years. This paper focuses on emotions as an important part of a user's overall experience when interacting with a system. Based on the multi-component ...
PanoEmo, a set of affective 360-degree panoramas: a psychophysiological study
AbstractThere is a significant increase in the use of virtual reality in scientific experiments in the fields of ergonomics, education, and psychology among others. Many researchers successfully provoked different affective states in participants in order ...
Designing Expressive Lights and In-Situ Motions for Robots to Express Emotions
HAI '18: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Human-Agent InteractionIn this paper, we explore how a utility robot might express emotions via expressive lights and in-situ motions. In most previous work, methods for either modality were investigated alone, leaving a huge potential to improve the expression of emotions by ...
Comments