skip to main content
research-article

A theoretical framework for knowledge transfer in process redesign

Published:31 July 2008Publication History
Skip Abstract Section

Abstract

Business process redesign has become commonplace in today's organizations. A frequently overlooked consequence of process redesign is the learning barriers it creates for individuals who have to change the way they perform their work tasks. One way to overcome these barriers is through a process of knowledge transfer, wherein individuals apply their knowledge of existing work tasks to learn new work tasks. While transfer may facilitate learning through reuse of existing knowledge, it may also impede learning. Drawing on theories of task knowledge and analogical learning, this paper presents a task script framework and associated research propositions for knowledge transfer in process redesign. The framework is illustrated in the context of a real-world example, and implications for research and practice are discussed.

References

  1. Alavi, M. and Leidner, D. E. (2001). "Review: Knowledge Management and Knowledge Management Systems: Conceptual Foundations and Research Issues," MIS Quarterly, Vol. 25, No.1, pp. 107--136. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  2. Arthur, W., Bennet, W., Stanush, P. L. and McNelly, T. L. (1998). "Factors That Influence Skill Decay and Retention: A Quantitative Review and Analysis," Human Performance, Vol. 11, pp. 79--86.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  3. Baldwin, T. T. and Ford, J. K. (1988). "Transfer of Training: A Review and Directions for Future Research," Personnel Psychology, Vol. 41, No.1, pp. 63--105.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  4. Bashein, B. J., Markus, M. L. and Riley, P. (1994). "Preconditions for Bpr Success and How to Prevent Failures," Information Systems Management, Vol. 11, No.2, pp. 7--13.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  5. Bernstein, A., Klein, M. and Malone, T. W. (1999). "The Process Recombinator: A Tool for Generating New Business Process Ideas," Proceeding of the 20th International Conference on Information Systems: Association for Information Systems, pp. 178--192. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  6. Blanchette, I. and Dunbar, K. (2000). "How Analogies Are Generated: The Roles of Structural and Superficial Similarity," Memory & Cognition, Vol. 28, No.1, pp. 108--124.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  7. Blanchette, I. and Dunbar, K. (2001). "Analogy Use in Naturalistic Settings: The Influence of Audience, Emotion and Goals," Memory & Cognition, Vol. 29, No.730--735.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  8. Bovair, S., Kieras, D. E. and Polson, P. G. (1990). "The Acquitision and Performance of Text-Editing Skill: A Cognitive Complexity Analysis," Human Computer Interaction, Vol. 5, pp. 1--48.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  9. Brandt, D. S. and Uden, L. (2003). "Insight into Mental Models of Novice Internet Searchers," Commun. ACM, Vol. 46, No.7, pp. 133--136. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  10. Bransford, J. D., Brown, A. L. and Cocking, R. R. (2000). How People Learn: Brain, Mind, Experience, and School: National Academies Press.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  11. Brinkerhoff, R. O. and Montesino, M. U. (1995). "Partnership for Training Transfer: Lessons from a Corporate Study," Human Resources Development Quarterly, Vol. 6, pp. 263--274.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  12. Caron, M., Jarvenpaa, S. L. and Stoddard, D. B. (1994). "Business Reengineering at Cigna Corporation: Experiences and Lessons Learned from the First Five Years," MIS Quarterly, Vol. 18, No.3, pp. 233--250. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  13. Champy, J. (2006). "People and Process," ACM Queue, Vol. 4, No.2, pp. 34--38. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  14. Cheng, P. W. and Holyoak, K. J. (1985). "Pragmatic Reasoning Schemas," Cognitive Psychology, Vol. 17, pp. 391--416.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  15. Choi, I., Song, M., Park, C. and Park, N. (2003). "An Xml-Based Process Definition Language for Integrated Process Management," Computers in Industry, Vol. 50, No.1, pp. 85--102. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  16. Clement, C. and Gentner, D. (1991). "Systematicity as a Selection Constraint in Analogical Mapping," Cognitive Science, Vol. 15, pp. 89--132.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  17. Davenport, T. H. (1993). Process Innovation: Reengineering Work through Information Technology, Boston, Mass: Harvard Business School Press. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  18. Davenport, T. H. and Stoddard, D. B. (1994). "Reengineering: Business Change of Mythic Proportions?," MIS Quarterly, Vol. 18, No.2, pp. 121--127. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  19. Dunbar, K. (2001). "The Analogical Paradox: Why Analogy Is So Easy in Naturalistic Settings, yet So Difficult in the Psychology Laboratory," in D. Gentner, Holyoak, K. J. and Kokinov, B. (Eds.), Analogy: Perspectives from Cognitive Science: MIT Press.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  20. Earl, M. J. (1994). "The New and the Old of Business Process Redesign," The Journal of Strategic Information Systems, Vol. 3, No.1, pp. 5--22.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  21. Earl, M. J., Sampler, J. L. and Short, J. E. (1995). "Strategies for Business Process Reengineering: Evidence from Field Studies," Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol. 12, No.1, pp. 31--56. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  22. Eason, K. (1988). Information Technology and Organization Change, London: Taylor & Francis. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  23. Facteau, J. D., Dobbins, G. H., Russel, J. E. A., Ladd, R. T. and Kudisch, J. D. (1995). "The Influence of General Perceptions for the Training Environment on Pretraining Motivation and Perceived Training Transfer," Journal of Management, Vol. 21, pp. 1--25.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  24. Fiske, S. T. and Taylor, S. E. (1991). Social Cognition: McGraw Hill.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  25. Fong, G. T. and Nisbett, R. E. (1991). "Immediate and Delayed Transfer of Training Effects in Statistical Reasoning," Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, Vol. 120, No.1, pp. 34--45.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  26. Ford, J. K., Kozlowski, S. W. J., Kraiger, K., Salas, E. and Teachout, M. S. (1997). Improving Training Effectiveness in Work Organizations, Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  27. Ford, J. K., Quinones, M. A., Sego, D. J. and Sorra, J. S. (1992). "Factors Affecting the Opportunity to Perform Trained Tasks on the Job," Personnel Psychology, Vol. 45, pp. 511--527.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  28. Ford, J. K. and Weissbein, D. A. (1997). "Transfer of Training: An Updated Review and Analysis," Performance Improvement Quarterly, Vol. 10, pp. 22--41.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  29. Gentner, D. (1983). "Structure-Mapping: A Theoretical Framework for Analogy," Cognitive Science, Vol. 7, pp. 155--170.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  30. Gentner, D. (1989). "The Mechanisms of Analogical Transfer," in S. Vosniadou and Ortony, A. (Eds.), Similarity and Analogical Reasoning, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 199--124. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  31. Gentner, D. and Markman, A. B. (1997). "Structure Mapping in Analogy and Similarity," American Psychologist, Vol. 52, pp. 52.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  32. Ghua, S., Grover, V., Kettinger, W. J. and Teng, J. T. C. (1997). "Business Process Change and Organizational Performance: Exploring an Antecedent Model," Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol. 14, No.1, pp. 119--154. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  33. Gick, M. L. and Holyoak, K. J. (1983). "Schema Induction and Analogical Transfer," Cognitive Psychology, Vol. 15, pp. 1--38.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  34. Gick, M. L. and Holyoak, K. J. (1987). "The Cognitive Basis of Knowledge Transfer," in S. M. Cormier and Hagman, J. D. (Eds.), Transfer of Learning: Contemporary Research and Applications, San Diego, CA: Academic Press, Inc., pp. 9--46.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  35. Gioia, D. A. and Poole, P. P. (1984). "Scripts in Organizational Behavior," Academy of Management. The Academy of Management Review, Vol. 9, No.3, pp. 449.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  36. Grover, V. (1999). "From Business Reengineering to Business Process Change Management: A Longitudinal Study of Trends and Practices," Engineering Management, IEEE Transactions on, Vol. 46, No.1, pp. 36--46.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  37. Grover, V., Jeong, S. R., Kettinger, W. J. and Teng, J. T. C. (1995). "The Implementation of Business Process Reengineering," Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol. 12, No.1, pp. 109--144. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  38. Hall, G., Rosenthal, J. and Wade, J. (1993). "How to Make Re-Engineering Work," Harvard Business Review, Vol. 71, No.6, pp. 119--131.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  39. Hammer, M. and Champy, J. (1993). Re-Engineering the Corporation: A Manifesto for Business Revolution, New York: Harper Business.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  40. Holton, E. F., III and Baldwin, T. T., Eds. (2003). Improving Learning Transfer in Organizations. San Francisco, CA, Jossey-Bass. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  41. Holyoak, K. J. and Koh, K. (1987). "Surface and Structural Similarity in Analogical Transfer," Memory and Cognition, Vol. 15, No.4, pp. 332--340.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  42. Jia, X.-L., Xu, J.-X., Zhang, Z.-M. and Huang, N.-K. (2003). "The Research on Representation and Processing of Process Knowledge Based on Object-Oriented Modeling," Machine Learning and Cybernetics, 2003 International Conference on, pp. 657--660 Vol.2.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  43. Johnson, H. and Hyde, J. (2003). "Towards Modeling Individual and Collaborative Construction of Jigsaws Using Task Knowledge Structures (Tks)," ACM Trans. Comput.-Hum. Interact., Vol. 10, No.4, pp. 339--387. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  44. Johnson, H. and Johnson, P. (1991). "Task Knowledge Structures: Psychological Basis and Integration into System Design.," Acta Psychologica, Vol. 78, No.1, pp. 3--26.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  45. Johnson, P. (1992). "The Adept User Interface Design Environment," in A. Monk, Diaper, D. and Harrison, M. D. (Eds.), People and Computers Viii, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  46. Johnson, P., Johnson, H. and Russell, F. (1988a). "Collecting and Generalising Knowledge Descriptions from Task Analysis," ICL Technical Journal, Vol. 3, No.3, pp. 187--155.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  47. Johnson, P., Johnson, H., Waddington, R. and Shouls, A. (1988b). "Task-Related Knowledge Structures: Analysis, Modelling and Application," in D. M. Jones and Winder, R. (Eds.), People and Computers Iv, Manchester: Cambridge University Press, pp. 35--62. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  48. Katzenstein, G. and Lerch, F. J. (2000). "Beneath the Surface of Organizational Processes: A Social Representation Framework for Business Process Redesign," ACM Trans. Inf. Syst., Vol. 18, No.4, pp. 383--422. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  49. Kettinger, W. J. and Grover, V. (1995). "Special Section: Toward a Theory of Business Process Change Management," Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol. 12, No.1, pp. 9--30. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  50. Kettinger, W. J. and Teng, J. T. C. (1997). Business Process Change: A Study of Methodologies, Techniques, and Tools. MIS Quarterly, MIS Quarterly & The Society for Information Mgt. 21: 55. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  51. King, W. R. (1994). "Process Reengineering: The Strategic Dimensions," Information Systems Management, Vol. 11, No.2, pp. 71--73.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  52. Kraiger, K., Salas, E. and Cannon-Bowers, J. A. (1995). "Measuring Knowledge Organization as a Method for Assessing Learning During Training," Human Factors, Vol. 37, No.4, pp. 804--816.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  53. Lord, R. G. and Kernan, M. C. (1987). "Scripts as Determinants of Purposeful Behavior in Organizations," Academy of Management. The Academy of Management Review, Vol. 12, No.2, pp. 265.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  54. Malone, T. W., Crowston, K. and Herman, G. A. (2003). Organizing Business Knowledge : The Mit Process Handbook, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  55. Markman, A. B. and Gentner, D. (2000). "Structure-Mapping in the Comparison Process," American Journal of Psychology, Vol. 113, No.4, pp. 501--538.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  56. Markopoulos, P., Pycock, J., Wilson, S. and Johnson, P. (1992). "Adept- a Task Based Design Environment," Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, pp. 587--597.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  57. Mestre, J. P., Ed. (2005). Transfer of Learning from a Modern Multidisciplinary Perspective. Current Perspectives on Cognition, Learning, and Instruction. Greenwich, CT, Information Age Publishing.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  58. Niederman, F. and Webster, J. (1998). "Trends in End-User Training: A Research Agenda," Proceedings of the 1998 ACM SIGCPR conference on Computer personnel research, pp. 224--232. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  59. Nisbett, R. E., Fong, G. T., Lehman, D. R. and Cheng, P. W. (1987). "Teaching Reasoning," Science, Vol. 238, pp. 625--631.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  60. Novick, L. R. (1988). "Analogical Transfer, Problem Similarity, and Expertise," Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, Vol. 14, pp. 510--520.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  61. Novick, L. R. (1992). "The Role of Expertise in Solving Arithmetic and Algebra Word Problems by Analogy," in J. I. D. Campbell (Eds.), The Nature and Origins of Mathematical Skills, Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 155--188.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  62. Palmer, J. (1997). "The Human Organization," Journal of Knowledge Management, Vol. 1, No.4, pp. 294--307.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  63. Papavassiliou, G., Ntioudis, S., Mentzas, G. and Abecker, A. (2002). "Business Process Knowledge Modelling: Method and Tool," Database and Expert Systems Applications, 2002. Proceedings. 13th International Workshop on, pp. 138--142. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  64. Polson, P. G. (1987). "A Quantitative Theory of Human-Computer Interaction," in J. M. Carroll (Eds.), Interfacing Thought: Cognitive Aspects of Human-Computer Interaction, Cambridge, MA: Bradford Books/MIT Press, pp. 184--235. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  65. Polson, P. G. (1988). "The Consequences of Consistent and Inconsistent User Interfaces," in R. Guidon (Eds.), Cognitive Science and Its Applications for Human-Computer Interaction, Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum Associates, pp. 59--108.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  66. Poole, P. P., Gray, B. and Gioia, D. A. (1990). "Organizational Script Development through Interactive Accomodation," Group & Organization Studies (1986-1998), Vol. 15, No.2, pp. 212.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  67. Quinones, M. A. (1995). "Pretraining Context Effects: Training Assignment as Feedback," Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 80, No.226--238.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  68. Quinones, M. A. and Ehrenstein, A. (1997). Training for a Rapidly Changing Workplace: Applications of Psychological Research, Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  69. Ramaesh, B. and Dhar, V. (1994). "Representing and Maintaining Process Knowledge for Large-Scale Systems Development," Expert, IEEE {see also IEEE Intelligent Systems}, Vol. 9, No.2, pp. 54--59. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  70. Ramesh, B. (2002). "Process Knowledge Management with Traceability," Software, IEEE, Vol. 19, No.3, pp. 50--52. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  71. Robey, D., Ross, J. W. and Boudreau, M.-C. (2002). "Learning to Implement Enterprise Systems: An Exploratory Study of the Dialectics of Change," Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol. 19, No.1, pp. 17. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  72. Roy, M.-C., Roy, K. and Bouchard, L. (1998). "Human Factors in Business Process Re-Engineering," Human Systems Management, Vol. 17, No.3, pp. 193--204.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  73. Rumelhart, D. E. and Norman, D. A. (1981). "Analogical Processes in Learning," in J. R. Anderson (Eds.), Cognitive Skills and Their Acquisition, Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  74. Salas, E. and Cannon-Bowers, J. A. (2001). The Science of Training: A Decade of Progress. Annual Review of Psychology, Annual Reviews Inc. 52: 471.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  75. Schank, R. C. and Abelson, R. P. (1977). Scripts, Plans, Goals, and Understanding, Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  76. Schunn, C. D. and Anderson, J. R. (1999). "The Generality/Specificity of Expertise in Scientific Reasoning," Cognitive Science, Vol. 23, No.3, pp. 337--370.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  77. Singley, M. K. and Anderson, J. R. (1985). "The Transfer of Text-Editing Skill," International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, Vol. 22, pp. 403--423.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  78. Singley, M. K. and Anderson, J. R. (1989). The Transfer of Cognitive Skill: Harvard University Press. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  79. Smith-Jentsch, K. A., Jentsch, F. G., Payne, S. C. and Salas, E. (1996). "Can Pretraining Experiences Explain Individual Differences in Learning?," Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 49, pp. 110--116.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  80. Souza, R. d., Ying, Z. Z. and Yang, L. C. (1998). "Modelling Business Processes and Enterprise Activities at the Knowledge Level," Artificial Intelligence For Engineering Design Analysis & Manufacturing, Vol. 12, No.1, pp. 29--42. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  81. Spellman, B. A. and Holyoak, K. J. (1992). "If Sadam Is Hitler Then Who Is George Bush? Analogical Mapping between Systems of Socal Roles," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 62, No.6, pp. 913--933.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  82. Stoddard, D. B. and Jarvenpaa, S. L. (1995). "Business Process Redesign: Tactics for Managing Radical Change," Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol. 12, No.1, pp. 81. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  83. Surysekar, K. and Ramesh, B. (2001). "On Managerial Incentives for Process Knowledge Capture and Use," System Sciences, 2001. Proceedings of the 34th Annual Hawaii International Conference on, pp. 9 pp. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  84. Thorndike, E. L. and Woodworth, R. S. (1901). "The Influence of Improvement in One Mental Function Upon the Efficiency of Other Functions," Psychological Review, Vol. 8, pp. 247--261.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  85. Tracey, J. B., Tannenbaum, S. I. and Kavanagh, M. J. (1995). "Applying Trained Skills on the Job: The Importance of the Work Environment," Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 80, pp. 239--252.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  86. Tuggle, F. D. and Goldfinger, W. E. (2004). "A Methodology for Mining Embedded Knowledge from Process Maps," Human Systems Management, Vol. 23, No.1, pp. 1--13.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  87. Vanhoenacker, J., Bryant, A. and Dedene, G. (1999). "Creating a Knowledge Management Architecture for Business Process Change," Proceedings of the 1999 Acm Sigcpr Conference on Computer Personnel Research: ACM Press, pp. 231--241. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library

Index Terms

  1. A theoretical framework for knowledge transfer in process redesign

    Recommendations

    Comments

    Login options

    Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

    Sign in

    Full Access

    PDF Format

    View or Download as a PDF file.

    PDF

    eReader

    View online with eReader.

    eReader