Yongpan Liu
ABSTRACT
Energy harvesting is gaining more and more attentions due to its characteristics of ultra-long operation time without maintenance. However, frequent unpredictable power failures from energy harvesters bring performance and reliability challenges to traditional processors. Nonvolatile processors are promising to solve such a problem due to their advantage of zero leakage and efficient backup and restore operations. To optimize the nonvolatile processor design, this paper proposes new metrics of nonvolatile processors to consider energy harvesting factors for the first time. Furthermore, we explore the nonvolatile processor design from circuit to system level. A prototype of energy harvesting nonvolatile processor is set up and experimental results show that the proposed performance metric meets the measured results by less than 6.27% average errors. Finally, the energy consumption of nonvolatile processor is analyzed under different benchmarks.
- S. Sudevalayam and P. Kulkarni. Energy harvesting sensor nodes: survey and implications. CST, 13(3):443--461, 2011.Google Scholar
- K. Ma, Y. Zheng, et al. Architecture exploration for ambient energy harvesting nonvolatile processors. In HPCA, pages 526--537, 2015.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Y. Wang, Y. Liu, et al. In A 3us wake-up time nonvolatile processor based on ferroelectric flip-flops, pages 149--152, 2012.Google Scholar
- M. Qazi, A. Amerasekera, and A. P. Chandrakasan. In A 3.4pJ FeRAM-enabled D flip-flop in 0.13 um CMOS for nonvolatile processing in digital systems, pages 192--193, 2013.Google Scholar
- N. Sakimura, Y. Tsuji, et al. A 90nm 20mhz fully nonvolatile microcontroller for standby-power-critical applications. In ISSCC, pages 184--185, 2014.Google Scholar
- B. C. Bartling, S. Khanna, et al. An 8mhz 75μa/mhz zero-leakage non-volatile logic-based cortex-m0 mcu soc exhibiting 100% digital state retention at vdd=0v with <400ns wakeup and sleep transitions. In ISSCC, pages 432--433, 2013.Google Scholar
- P. Chiu, M. Chang, et al. Low store energy, low vddmin, 8t2r nonvolatile latch and sram with vertical-stacked resistive memory (memristor) devices for low power mobile applications. JSSC, 47(6):1483--1496, 2012.Google Scholar
- T. Aoki, Y. Okamoto, et al. 30.9 normally-off computing with crystalline ingazno-based fpga. In ISSCC, pages 502--503, 2014.Google ScholarCross Ref
- T. Miwa, J. Yamada, et al. Nv-sram: a nonvolatile sram with backup ferroelectric capacitors. JSSC, 36(3):522--527, 2001.Google Scholar
- S. Masui, W. Yokozeki, et al. Design and applications of ferroelectric nonvolatile sram and flip-flop with unlimited read/program cycles and stable recall. In CICC, pages 403--406, 2003.Google ScholarCross Ref
- T. Ohsawa, H. Koike, et al. 1mb 4t-2mtj nonvolatile stt-ram for embedded memories using 32b fine-grained power gating technique with 1.0 ns/200ps wake-up/power-off times. In VLSIC, pages 46--47, 2012.Google Scholar
- S. Sheu, C. Kuo, et al. A reram integrated 7t2r non-volatile sram for normally-off computing application. In ASSCC, pages 245--248, 2013.Google ScholarCross Ref
- A. Lee et al. Rram-based 7t1r nonvolatile sram with 2x reduction in store energy and 94x reduction in restore energy for frequent-off instant-on applications. In VLSIC, 2015.Google Scholar
- W. Wang, A. Gibby, et al. Nonvolatile sram cell. IEDM, 2006.Google ScholarCross Ref
- S. Yamamoto, Y. Shuto, and S. Sugahara. Nonvolatile sram (nv-sram) using functional mosfet merged with resistive switching devices. In CICC, pages 531--534, 2009.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Y. Wang, Y. Liu, et al. Pacc: a parallel compare and compress codec for area reduction in nonvolatile processors. TVLSI, 22(7):1491--1505, 2014.Google Scholar
- X. Sheng, Y. Wang, et al. Spac: a segment-based parallel compression for backup acceleration in nonvolatile processors. In DATE, pages 865--868, 2013. Google ScholarDigital Library
- ROHM. Batasheet of BD5xxx free delay time setting CMOS voltage detector IC series.Google Scholar
- S. Roundy, D. Steingart, et al. Power sources for wireless sensor networks. Springer: Wireless Sensor Networks, 2014.Google Scholar
- S. Kim, R. Vyas, et al. Ambient rf energy-harvesting technologies for self-sustainable standalone wireless sensor platforms. Proceedings of the IEEE, 102(11):1649--1666, 2014.Google ScholarCross Ref
- X. Li, H. Liu, et al. Rf-powered systems using steep-slope devices. In NEWCAS, pages 73--76, 2014.Google ScholarCross Ref
- H. Liu, X. Li, et al. Tunnel fet rf rectifier design for energy harvesting applications. JESTCS, 4(4):400--411, 2014.Google Scholar
- X. Sheng, C. Wang, et al. A high-efficiency dual-channel photovoltaic power system for nonvolatile sensor nodes. In NVMSA, pages 1--2, 2014.Google ScholarCross Ref
- J. Christmann, E. Beigne, et al. An innovative and efficient energy harvesting platform architecture for autonomous microsystems. In NEWCAS, pages 173--176, 2010.Google ScholarCross Ref
- D. Porcarelli, D. Brunelli, et al. A multi-harvester architecture with hybrid storage devices and smart capabilities for low power systems. In SPEEDAM, pages 946--951, 2012.Google ScholarCross Ref
- V. Boicea. Energy storage technologies: The past and the present. Proceedings of the IEEE, 102(11):1777--1794, 2014.Google ScholarCross Ref
- S. Bandyopadhyay and A. P. Chandrakasan. Platform architecture for solar, thermal, and vibration energy combining with mppt and single inductor. JSSC, 47(9):2199--2215, 2012.Google Scholar
- W. Cong, N. Chang, et al. Storage-less and converter-less maximum power point tracking of photovoltaic cells for a nonvolatile microprocessor. In ASPDAC, pages 379--384, 2014.Google Scholar
- A. K. Abdelsalam, A. M. Massoud, et al. Platform architecture for solar, thermal, and vibration energy combining with mppt and single inductor. TPE, 26(4):1010--1021, 2011.Google Scholar
- M. A. G. de Brito, L. Galotto, et al. Evaluation of the main mppt techniques for photovoltaic applications. TIE, 60(3):1156--1167, 2013.Google Scholar
- Y. Wang, H. Jia, et al. Register allocation for hybrid register architecture in nonvolatile processors. In ISCAS, pages 1050--1053, 2014.Google ScholarCross Ref
- M. Zhao, Q. Li, et al. Software assisted nonvolatile register reduction for energy harvesting based cyber-physical system. In DATE, 2015. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Q. Li, M. Zhao, et al. Compiler directed automatic stack trimming for efficient nonvolatile processors. In DAC, 2015. Google ScholarDigital Library
- M. Xie, M. Zhao, et al. Fixing the broken time machine: consistency-aware checkpointing for energy harvesting powered nonvolatile processor. In DAC, 2015. Google ScholarDigital Library
- C. Moser, J. Chen, et al. Reward maximization for embedded systems with renewable energies. In RTCSA, pages 247--256, 2008. Google ScholarDigital Library
- X. Lin, Y. Wang, et al. A framework of concurrent task scheduling and dynamic voltage and frequency scaling in real-time embedded systems with energy harvesting. In ISLPED, pages 70--75, 2013. Google ScholarDigital Library
- D. Zhang, S. Li, et al. Intra-task scheduling for storage-less and converter-less solar-powered nonvolatile sensor nodes. In ICCD, pages 348--354, 2014.Google ScholarCross Ref
- D. Zhang, Y. Liu, et al. Deadline-aware task scheduling for solar-powered nonvolatile sensor nodes with global energy migration. In DAC, 2015. Google ScholarDigital Library
- M. R. Guthaus, J. S. Ringenberg, et al. Mibench: a free, commercially representative embedded benchmark suite. In DAC, pages 3--14, 2001. Google ScholarDigital Library
- H. Li, Y. Liu, et al. An energy efficient backup scheme with low inrush current for nonvolatile sram in energy harvesting sensor nodes. In DATE, 2015. Google ScholarDigital Library
Index Terms
- Ambient energy harvesting nonvolatile processors: from circuit to system
Recommendations
Dynamic Power and Energy Management for Energy Harvesting Nonvolatile Processor Systems
Special Issue on Secure and Fault-Tolerant Embedded Computing and Regular PapersSelf-powered systems running on scavenged energy will be a key enabler for pervasive computing across the Internet of Things. The variability of input power in energy-harvesting systems limits the effectiveness of static optimizations aimed at ...
Design Insights of Non-volatile Processors and Accelerators in Energy Harvesting Systems
GLSVLSI '20: Proceedings of the 2020 on Great Lakes Symposium on VLSIThere is growing interest in deploying energy harvesting processors and accelerators in Internet of Things (IoT). Energy harvesting harnesses the energy scavenged from the environment to power a system. Although it has many advantages over battery-...
Dynamic Machine Learning Based Matching of Nonvolatile Processor Microarchitecture to Harvested Energy Profile
ICCAD '15: Proceedings of the IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided DesignEnergy harvesting systems without an energy storage device have to efficiently harness the fluctuating and weak power sources to ensure the maximum computational progress. While a simpler processor enables a higher turn-on potential with a weak source, ...
Comments