Joyojeet Pal
ABSTRACT
In November 2016, the Government of India banned the vast majority of the nation's banknotes in a move referred to as 'demonetization', with the stated goals of fighting corruption, terrorism, and eventually expanding digital transactions. In this study of 200 shop-keepers in Mumbai and Bengaluru, we found that cash shortage increased digital payment adoption but that digital payments fell after new banknotes became available. Digital payment adoption depended on the nature and scope of transactions, type of product sold, as well as personal factors specific to business owners such as comfort and familiarity with other digital technologies and online transactions. Using theoretical work on market and information behavior, we examined environmental pushes for technology adoption against prevalent transactional practices, trust, and control. We propose that the move toward digital payments must be framed within a larger undertaking of technology-driven modernity that drives these initiatives, rather than just the efficiency or productivity gains digital payments present.
- Reserve Bank of India. 2015. Annual Report. Retrieved Jan. 5, 2018 from https://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/AnnualReportPublication s.aspx?Id=1154Google Scholar
- Vikramaditya Khanna and Dhammika Dharmapala. 2017. Stock market reactions to India's 2016 demonetization: Implications for tax evasion, corruption, and financial constraints. Law & Economics Working Papers, 136.Google Scholar
- Express Web Desk. 2016. Demonetisation: 33 Deaths Since Government Scrapped Rs 500, Rs 1000 Notes. Indian Express (Nov. 18, 2016). Retrieved Jan. 5, 2018 from http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-newsindia/demonetisation-suicides-heart-attacks-and-evena-murder-among-33-deaths-since-decision-4378135/Google Scholar
- Abhinav Singh Chandel and Rishabh Sharma. 2017. Demonetization in India: An Overview. ICPESS (International Congress on Politic, Economic and Social Studies). 2 (2017).Google Scholar
- Paritosh Chandra Sinha. 2017. Demonetization of Indian Economy: Philosophical Critics. (April 7, 2017). University of Burdwan.Google Scholar
- Mathew Idiculla. 2016. Charisma Trumps Rule of Law. Indian Express (Dec. 2016). Retrieved Jan. 5, 2018 from http://www.newindianexpress.com/opinions/2016/dec/ 15/charisma-trumps-rule-of-law-1549280--1.htmlGoogle Scholar
- Narendra Modi. 2016. Address to the Nation: Corruption, Black Money and Terrorism are Festering Sores. The Hindu (Aug. 17, 2017). Retrieved Jan 7, 2018 from http://www.thehindu.com/news/resources/demonetisati on-of-rs-500--1000-notes-text-of-modis-address-to-thenation/article16440798.eceGoogle Scholar
- Narendra Modi. 2016. Mann Ki Baat: Let Us Embrace Technology and Move Towards Becoming a Cashless Society. (Nov. 27, 2016). Retrieved Jan. 5, 2018 from https://www.narendramodi.in/text-of-pm-s-mann-kibaat-address-on-all-india-radio-on-27-november-2016- -533318Google Scholar
- Geeta Anand and Hari Kumar. 2017. In Its Third Month, India's Cash Shortage Begins to Bite. The New York Times (Jan 24, 2017). Retrieved Jan 7, 2018 from https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/24/world/asia/in-itsthird-month-indias-cash-shortage-begins-to-bite.htmlGoogle Scholar
- Sidharth Bhatia. 2017. How the Fig Leaf of Nationalism Obscures the Impact of Demonetisation. The Wire. (Nov. 29, 2016). Retrieved Jan 7, 2018 from https://thewire.in/83231/how-the-fig-leaf-ofnationalism-obscures-the-impact-of-demonetisation/Google Scholar
- Narendra Modi. 2017. Mann Ki Baat: Use Digital Cash to Serve Nation, Build 'New India.' The Times of India (March 26, 2017). Retrieved Jan 7, 2018 from https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/use-digitalcash-to-serve-nation-build-new-india-pm-on-mann-kibaat/articleshow/57836516.cmsGoogle Scholar
- Federal Reserve. 2016. The Federal Reserve Payments Study 2016. Retrieved Jan. 5, 2018 from https://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/press/other /2016-payments-study-20161222.pdfGoogle Scholar
- Ministry of Finances, India. 2017. India Economic Survey 2016--17. Retrieved Jan. 5, 2018 from http://indiabudget.nic.in/survey.aspGoogle Scholar
- Research and Markets. nd. India Mobile Wallet Market Analysis, Forecast & Opportunities, 2016--2022. Retrieved Jan. 5, 2018 from https://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/3989824/ india-mobile-wallet-market-analysis-forecast-andGoogle Scholar
- 2017. PM Modi launches Aadhaar-linked BHIM App on Ambedkar's birth anniversary. Hindustan Times (May 6, 2017). Retrieved Jan. 18, 2018 from http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-modilaunches-aadhaar-linked-bhim-app-on-ambedkar-sbirth-anniversary/storyJwXr62Wwx7ZIgYKkhAognI.htmlGoogle Scholar
- Sandeep Varma. 2017. India has 28.8 M credit cards, 818 M debit cards in January 2017. (March 7, 2017) Medianama Retrieved Jan 7, 2018 from https://www.medianama.com/2017/03/223-india-28- 8m-credit-cards-818m-debit-cards-january-2017/Google Scholar
- G. Veilumuthusamy. 2017. Demonetization in India: An Analysis. Cornell University.Google Scholar
- Medianama. 2017. Digital Payments in India: Demonetization Edition. (May 2017). Retrieved Jan. 5, 2018 from https://www.medianama.com/2017/05/223- digital-payments-in-india-demonetization/Google Scholar
- Venkat Rao Pulla. 2017. Gramscian 'counter hegemony' in Narendra Modi's New India. Space and Culture, India 4 (3), 6 pages.Google Scholar
- Langdon Winner. 1980. Do artifacts have politics? Daedalus 109 (1), 15 pages.Google Scholar
- Joyojeet Pal. 2017. The Technological Self in India: From Tech-savvy Farmers to a Selfie-tweeting Prime Minister. In ICTD2017. ACM, New York, NY. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Kenneth Keniston and Deepak Kumar (Eds.). 2004. IT Experience in India: Bridging the Digital Divide. Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Gershon Feder, Richard E. Just, and David Zilberman. 1985. Adoption of agricultural innovations in developing countries: A survey. Economic Development and Cultural Change 33 (2), 44 pages.Google Scholar
- Kavita Philip. 2016. Telling histories of the future: the imaginaries of Indian technoscience. Identities 23 (3), 17 pages.Google Scholar
- M. Shamsul Haque. 2002. E-governance in India: Its impacts on relations among citizens, politicians and public servants. International Review of Administrative Sciences 68 (2), 19 pages.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Pradip Thomas. 2009. Bhoomi, Gyan Ganga, egovernance and the right to information: ICTs and development in India. Telematics and Informatics 26 (1), 11 pages. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Renee Kuriyan and Isha Ray. 2009. Outsourcing the state? Public--private partnerships and information technologies in India. World Development 37 (10), 10 pages.Google Scholar
- Nandan Nilekani. 2009. Imagining India: The idea of a renewed nation. Penguin, London, UK.Google Scholar
- M. P. Gupta. 2010. Tracking the evolution of egovernance in India. In Technology Enabled Transformation of the Public Sector: Advances in EGovernment. IGI Global, 46--58. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Skylar Joyner. 2017. A Critical Case Study of Aadhaar: Converting Traditional Social Welfare Systems into the Digital Age. (Nov. 2016). Technical report. The University of Texas at Arlington.Google Scholar
- Bharat Bhatti. 2010. Aadhaar-enabled payments for NREGA workers. Economic & Political Weekly 47 (49), 3 pages.Google Scholar
- Bidisha Chaudhuri and Lion König. 2017. The Aadhaar scheme: A cornerstone of a new citizenship regime in India? Contemporary South Asia (2017), 16 pages.Google Scholar
- Aditya Johri and Janaki Srinivasan. 2014. The Role of Data in Aligning the 'Unique Identity' Infrastructure in India. In Proceedings of the 17th ACM Conference on Computersupported -Cooperative Work & Social Computing. ACM, New York, NY, 697--709. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Janaki Srinivasan and Aditya Johri. 2013. Creating Machine Readable Men: Legitimizing The 'Aadhaar' Mega e-Infrastructure Project in India. In Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development: Full Papers-Volume 1. ACM, New York, NY. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Alejandro Portes, Manuel Castells, and Lauren A. Benton (Eds.). 1989. The Informal Economy: Studies in Advanced and Less Developed Countries. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD.Google Scholar
- Mark Granovetter. 1985. Economic action and social structure: The problem of embeddedness. American Journal of Sociology 91 (3), 29 pages.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Robert Kloosterman, Joanne van der Leun, and Jan Rath. 1998. Across the border: Immigrants' economic opportunities, social capital and informal business activities. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 24 (2), 19 pages.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Justin W. Webb, Laszlo Tihanyi, R. Duane Ireland, and David G. Sirmon. 2009. You say illegal, I say legitimate: Entrepreneurship in the informal economy. Academy of Management Review 34 (3), 18 pages.Google ScholarCross Ref
- J. J. de Haan and P. Quarles van Ufford. 2001. The role of livelihood, social capital, and market organization in shaping rural-urban interactions (post-print). AGIDS, 25 pages.Google Scholar
- Daphne Berdahl. 1999. Where the World Ended: Reunification and Identity in the German Borderland. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA.Google Scholar
- Alejandro Portes and William Haller. 2010. The informal economy. In The Handbook of Economic Sociology, 403. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJGoogle Scholar
- Alejandro Portes and Patricia Landolt. 1996. The downside of social capital. The American Prospect 26 (May-June 1996).Google Scholar
- Clifford Geertz. 1978. The bazaar economy: Information and search in peasant marketing. The American Economic Review 68 (2), 4 pages.Google Scholar
- Priyank Chandra, Syed Ishtiaque Ahmed, and Joyojeet Pal. Market Practices and the Bazaar: Technology Consumption in ICT Markets in the Global South. In Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, New York, NY, 4147--4752. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Priyank Chandra. 2017. Informality and Invisibility: Traditional Technologies as Tools for Collaboration in an Informal Market. In Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, New York, NY, 4765--4775. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Leon T. Gwaka. 2017. Digital technologies and sustainable livestock systems in rural communities. (July 2017).Google Scholar
- Stephen Gill. 1995. The global panopticon? The neoliberal state, economic life, and democratic surveillance. Alternatives 20 (Jan.-Mar. 1995), 49 pages.Google Scholar
- Sumedha Chauhan. 2015. Acceptance of mobile money by poor citizens of India: Integrating trust into the technology acceptance model. info 17 (3), 10 pages.Google Scholar
- Peter Tobbin. 2010. Towards a model of adoption in mobile banking by the unbanked: A qualitative study. info 14 (5), 14 pages.Google Scholar
- F. Muñoz-Leiva, S. Climent-Climent, and F. LiébanaCabanillas. 2017. Determinants of intention to use the mobile banking apps: An extension of the classic TAM model. Spanish Journal of Marketing-ESIC 21 (1), 13 pages.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Joshua E. Blumenstock, Michael Callen, Tarek Ghani, and Lucas Koepke. 2015. Promises and Pitfalls of Mobile Money in Afghanistan: Evidence from a Randomized Control Trial. In Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development. ACM, New York, NY, Article 15. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Jenny C. Aker, Rachid Boumnijel, Amanda McClelland, and Niall Tierney. 2016. Payment mechanisms and antipoverty programs: Evidence from a mobile money cash transfer experiment in Niger. Economic Development and Cultural Change 65 (1), 37 pages.Google Scholar
- Indrani Medhi, Aishwarya Ratan, and Kentaro Toyama. 2009. Mobile-banking Adoption and Usage by Low-literate, Low-income Users in the Developing World. In Internationalization, Design and Global Development, Springer, New York, NY, 485--494. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Alice S. Etim. 2014. Mobile banking and mobile money adoption for financial inclusion. Research in Business and Economics Journal (Aug. 2014) 9, 13 pages.Google Scholar
- Eric Osei-Assibey. 2015. What drives behavioral intention of mobile money adoption? The case of ancient susu saving operations in Ghana. International Journal of Social Economics 42 (11), 17 pages.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Jan Chipchase, Petri Piippo, Per Persson, Tetsuya Yamamoto. 2005. Mobile Essentials: Field Study and Concepting. In Proceedings of the 2005 Conference on Designing for User eXperience. AIGA: American Institute of Graphic Arts, New York, NY, Article 57. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Silvia Masiero. 2017. New routes to cashlessness? ICTs, demonetisation, and the Indian informal economy. In Development Studies Association. Bradford.Google Scholar
- Mark S. Ackerman. 2000. The intellectual challenge of CSCW: The gap between social requirements and technical feasibility. Human-Computer Interaction 15 (2), 24 pages. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Matthew B. Miles, A. Michael Huberman, and Johny Saldaña. 1994. Qualitative Data Analysis: An Expanded Sourcebook. Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.Google Scholar
- Ranjit Singh and Steven J. Jackson. 2017. From Margins to Seams: Imbrication, Inclusion, and Torque in the Aadhaar Identification Project. In Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, New York, NY, 4776- 4824. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Teresa Correa, Joseph D. Straubhaar, Wenhong Chen, and Jeremiah Spence. 2015. Brokering new technologies: The role of children in their parents' usage of the internet. new media & society 17 (4), 17 pages.Google Scholar
- Jenna Burrell. 2011. User agency in the middle range: Rumors and the reinvention of the Internet in Accra, Ghana. Science, Technology, & Human Values 36 (2), 20 pages.Google Scholar
- Alka Awasthi. 2017. A Study of Impact of Demonetization on India's Economy. Sri Balaji International Journal of Management Sciences 1(5), 11 pages.Google Scholar
- Murali Nair. 2017. Can Modi make the elephant dance? Bertelsmann Asia Policy Brief (Feb. 2017)Google Scholar
- Mridula Chari. 2017. Revisiting demonetisation: 'Cashless' village in Maharashtra has returned to cash. (Sept. 18, 2017). Retrieved Jan. 5, 2018 from https://scroll.in/article/850556/revisitingdemonetisation-cashless-village-in-maharashtra-hasreturned-to-cashGoogle Scholar
- Rajesh Veeraraghavan. 2013. Dealing with the Digital Panopticon: The Use and Subversion of ICT in an Indian Bureaucracy. In Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development: Full Papers-Volume 1. ACM, New York, NY, 248--255. Google ScholarDigital Library
Index Terms
- Digital Payment and Its Discontents: Street Shops and the Indian Government's Push for Cashless Transactions
Recommendations
Cash, Digital Payments and Accessibility: A Case Study from Metropolitan India
Despite the growing interest in digitization and money in HCI and CSCW, the use of cash and digital payments by people with disabilities has received scant attention. We present findings from a qualitative study of people with visual impairments' use of ...
Examining the use and non-use of mobile payment systems for merchant payments in India
COMPASS '19: Proceedings of the 2nd ACM SIGCAS Conference on Computing and Sustainable SocietiesMany countries across the globe are engaged in efforts to promote a cashless society. In India, there is a strong top-down push by the government and the private sector for mobile payments. In this work, we examine the benefits and pitfalls people ...
Individual Empowerment through Digital Governance: Proposing an Assessment Framework for India
ICEGOV '17: Proceedings of the Special Collection on eGovernment Innovations in IndiaAdoption of information and communication technologies (ICT) in governance contexts is considered empowering for governments and citizens. Digital Governance aims at transforming internal processes, structures and working practices leading to greater ...
Comments